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Background. Osmolalities can be useful markers for determining whether given beverages are suited for maintaining an adequate hydration of the body. Losing 2% of body water relative to body mass reduces the efficiency of body function when undertaking physical effort by around 20%. Deficiencies in water intakes approaching 5-8% of body mass, double the impairment to the body’s physical and mental functioning, whereas at a level of 10% the body becomes incapable of performing any sort of physical effort. For such reasons the body’s hydration status is vital to its functioning. Objectives. To asses osmolalities as measured in various types of commercially available mineral waters and non-alcoholic beverages containing different amounts of extracts. Materials and Methods. Test materials were commercially available mineral waters (of low, medium and high mineral content) along with juices, nectars and drinks that are isotonic, energising and those described as being ‘light’ and sparkling. Osmolality was measured by the 800CL Osmometer instrument from TridentMed whilst the RL-type refractometer was used for determining extract values. Results. Isotonic drinks were found to have the same osmotic pressures as bodily fluids at 275 – 295 mOsm/kg water. The osmotic pressure in mineral waters depended on the extent of mineralisation and ranged from 13 mOsm / kg water (low mineral content) to 119 mOsm/kg water (high mineral content). Low osmolalities were also found in ‘light’ drinks (from 29.3 to 34 mOsm/kg water). Juices, nectars, energising drinks and colas typically have high sugar contents and have high osmolalities ranging 492 – 784 mOsm / kg water. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant associations (p < 0.05) between osmolalities and extract content in beverages as well as between osmolalities and mineral content in mineral waters. Upon factor analysis, it was possible to group the tested drinks according to similar osmolalities and extract content. Conclusions. Osmolalities measured in beverages are a marker that permits drinks to be classified into groups according to their tonicity and their ability to ensure that the body is properly hydrated; this becoming vital in cases when the body requires rapid body fluid replenishment.
The composition of the hop extract obtained by extraction with liquid C02 under differ­ent conditions has been investigated. The highest yield of extract (9.7%) is obtained at temperature of 18-22°C, pressure of 54-58 atm. and time of 210 min. The extract contains 44.6% of a- and 19.3% of ß-acids and it can be used in brewing.
Metodą GCMS przeprowadzono porównawcze badania obecności steroli w korzeniach i owocach A. sylvestris. W obu badanych frakcjach zidentyfikowano sitosterol, stigmasterol, kampeste- rol, cholesterol oraz stigmast-7-en-3-ol. Ergosta-5,24-dien-3a-ol i a-saccharostenon stwierdzono tylko w owocach. Sitosterol i stigmasterol byly związkami dominującymi w obu surowcach. Metodą wagową określono całkowitą ilość steroli w owocach (0,12%), w korzeniach (0,06%), a także ilość oleju w owocach (12,6%).
Badano wpływ ostrego i 10-dniowego podawania ip alkaloidów protopinowych: allokryptopiny protopiny na aktywność aminotransferaz ALT i AST, a także oznaczano poziom a-fetoproteiny (AFP) oraz ß2-mikroglobuliny w surowicy krwi szczurów. Stwierdzono, że protopina zastosowana szczurom jednorazowo zwiększała, bądź zmniejszała aktywność AST. Protopina podawana przez 10 dni istotnie zwiększała, aktywność AST i pozostawała bez wpływu na aktywność ALT. Allokryptopina podana jednorazowo w dawce 0,1 LD50 istotnie zmniejszała, natomiast podawana przez 10 dni pozostawała bez wpływu na aktywność obu aminotransferaz. Oba badane alkaloidy nie wpływały na poziom AFP i ß2-mikroglobuliny.
Z kory korzeni oraz sproszkowanego preparatu (EA) pochodzących z Uncaria tomentosa uzyskano wyciągi bogate w związki fenolowe. Wykazano silną aktywność przeciwwolnorodnikową tych wyciągów. Najsilniejszą aktywność przeciwwolnorodnikową wykazano dla wyciągu WMP otrzymanego z EA (MeOH - woda, 1:1). Wyciąg ten w stężeniach 0.036 i 0.072 mg/ml spowodował zmniejszenie stężenia wolnego rodnika DPPH odpowiednio o 64.6% i 92.8%.
The composition of the extract from coriander fruits (Coriandrum sativum L.) obtained by extraction with liquid C02 has been investigated. The extract yield is 0.8%. Yield of vola­tile components and glyceride oil is 0.43% and 0.13% (with respect to the raw material), respectively and 55% and 16.5% (with respect to the extract), respectively. The main vola­tile components were linalool (71.6%) and a-pinene (6.3%). Many fatty acids of glyceride oil are petroselinic+oleic (C,8:1 66.9%) and palmitic (C16:0 8.6%).
Moss cushion plays an important role in recruitment of vascular plants. In this study, we examined the effects of water soluble extracts (WSE) of Abietinella abietina on germination of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and the effects of moss substrates (A. abietina) on seedling emergence of P. crassifolia in two greenhouse experiments. We found that the WSE of moss affected germination of P. crassifolia in two ways: (1) the WSE reducing the risk of fungal infection to the seeds, improve the germination rate; and (2) the WSE affects germination by its concentration, that is, low concentrations of WSE (i.e., 0.5 mg ml⁻¹ and 5 mg ml⁻¹) stimulate, while high concentrations (i.e., 50 mg ml⁻¹) inhibit it. In seedling emergence experiments, we detected that the moss substrates (both thick and thin mosses) facilitate the emergence of P. crassifolia in dry and intermediate moisture conditions, but inhibit it in moist conditions. In bare soil, the P. crassifolia emergence was also controlled by moisture conditions; the highest (60%) and the lowest (35%) emergence occurred in the moist conditions and dry conditions, respectively. We also found that P. crassifolia seedlings were thinner and taller, but their number higher in moss cushion than in bare soil. Thus we conclude that there is nurse effect of A. abietina cushion on recruitment of P. crassifolia in both dry and intermediate moisture conditions.
The influence of an Uncaria tomentosa extract on the development of Capsicum plants grown in green-house conditions was examined. The effect of the treatment was investigated with microscopic techniques (light and electron microscope) in leaves from three levels of control plants and plants after treatment with the extract added to the soil in doses of 0.4 and 16 mg/ml (200 ml per pot/plant). In control leaves, changes typical of the subsequent phases of normal development were observed: nuclear chromatin became slightly condensed, plastoglobuli of chloroplasts increased in number and size, intragranal thylakoids were somewhat dilatated. In addition to such commonly occurring changes, some symptoms typical of pepper were observed in the ontogenesis of the examined plant: an increased number of spherical electron-dense deposits in vacuoles, an increased number of peroxisomes, the occurrence of numerous paracrystalline structures in chloroplasts of mature leaves, and, starting in mature leaves, expulsion of plastoglobuli from chloroplasts. After the treatment, most of those changes, leading to ageing, occurred much earlier and were more distinct. Chloroplasts, already in the youngest examined leaves, showed dilatation of intergranal thylakoids, which intensified with aging of the leaves and degradation of grana in the oldest leaves. Starch grains decreased in size and number and plastoglobuli became large. Vesiculation of ground cytoplasm in all leaves was stronger than in the control. No paracrystalline structures in chloroplasts or expulsion of plastoglobuli were observed. Another unusual phenomenon was the disappearance of spherical electron-dense deposits in the central vacuoles of cells. Those observations suggested that U. tomentosa extract enhanced the natural ontogenesis of Capsicum annuum leaves, by accelerating and enhancing the typical characteristics of ageing, and, additionally, it changed the structure and physiology of cells.
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