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Basic Substances are a newly effective category of Plant Protection Product under EC Regulation No 1107/2009. The first approved application of Equisetum arvense L. opened Part C of Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, which lists the basic substance approved. Although E. arvense was described as a fungicide extract, subsequent applications like chitosan were related to non-biocide molecules. Consequently, plant protection product data were collected from research on alternative or traditional crop protection methods. They are notably issued or derived from foodstuffs (plants, plant by-products, plant derived products, substances and derived substances from animal origin). Applications are currently submitted by our Institute, under evaluation at different stages of the approval process or already approved. Remarkably, this Basic Substance category under pesticide EU Regulation was surprisingly designed for these non-biocidal plant protection products. In fact, components described as the “active substance” of most of the actual applications are food products like sugars and lecithin. Basic Substance applications for these foodstuffs are therefore a straightforward way of easily gaining approval for them. Here we describe the approval context and detail the agricultural uses of theses food products as Biological Control Agents (BCAs) or biorationals for crop protection. From all deposited or approved Basic Substance Application (BSA), a proof has been provided that non-biocide and food products via physical barrier or lure effects may be effective plant protection products with an acceptable low profile of concern for public and agricultural safety.
The article describes the process and procedures of allowing geography textbooks for schools for the public use by an expert appointed by the Minister of Education. The author shares comments on former and present forms and structures of a review along with their flaws and merits. Observations concerning the cooperation between the experts and the publishers of textbooks are also presented, as well as reflections on geography textbooks written by 1) geographers - academic workers, 2) geography teachers, 3) geography educationalist or academic workers employed in schools.
This research aims to describe the situation of the feed-in tariffs system in Ukraine. It attempts to examine the main distinguishing features and drawbacks in comparison with the law of European countries. To do this the Ukrainian Law and the data taken from such sites as Eurostat and Ernst & Young Global Limited Company are analysed and compared. The main drawbacks of Ukrainian feed – in tariffs system are analysed more deeply. The main of them were the next: 1) provision about local component in Ukrainian’s system of feed-in tariffs; 2) too high feed-in tariffs rates on solar energy in Ukraine in comparison with European countries; 3) insufficient attention to the issue of renewable energy produced from biomass. In the last year some improvements in these spheres have been made. But they will be valid mainly only until 2017. Now in Ukraine there are many obstacles in renewable energy sphere but the main reasons are political obstacles in the area of renewable energy. And the best opportunities for the development of renewable energy can be provided only by the competitive environment. Only in such a way Ukraine can become an energy-efficient modern state.
The authors in the article presented information on the possibility of separating rainwater from municipal sewage and the possibilities of its re-use. They based their considerations on the experience of municipalities in the European Union (EU), the Dutch one in particular. The choice of the Dutch municipality of Apeldoorn was not coincidental. Apeldoorn has the highest rainfall level in all of the Netherlands. What is more, The Netherlands is one of those European countries that is highly advanced in water management. This is due to the fact that it is a small country with a very dense population, which must deal with the distribution of water resources for very populated municipalities. Moreover, 50% of this country is situated below the sea level, which causes problems with excess water in coastal provinces. The Dutch are therefore trying to manage water using all technical and legal possibilities. This article presents some solutions related to the separation of rainwater from municipal sewage and the financial possibilities offered by the municipality of Apeldoorn. The authors also shortly presented history of the use of rainwater, including Polish experiences. The authors applied research methods based on examination of documents in the municipality of Apeldoorn and interviewed municipal employees responsible for the project of separation rainwater from sewage.
Introduction. Despite the growing interest in the consequences of caring for patients with Huntington disease (pHD), little is known about the family caregivers of such patients in Poland. Identification of their needs can improve caregivers’ wellbeing, the quality of care and condition of pHD. The aim of this study was to understand the social functioning of family caregivers of pHD and their perception of the caregiving role. Materials and methods. Data was collected from 55 family caregivers of pHD. A structured questionnaire was used consisting of 86 questions subsumed into five domains: ‘Problems’ and ‘Feelings related to caregiving’, ‘Attitude toward caregiving’, ‘Satisfaction with life’ and ‘Perception of healthcare services’. Correlations between the different scales and other characteristics were measured as potential predictors of the burden. Non-parametric statistical methods were used in the analysis. Results. Most respondents experienced a high (50.9%) or moderate (30.95%) feeling of burden. Although 70.9% of caregivers perceived caregiving positively, for many it was a source of negative feelings. Only 10.9% of respondents declared that caregiving decreased their QoL. Carers’ perception of caregiving was mostly influenced by their negative experiences with the healthcare system. Respondents’ domicile, religious practices, age, income, marital status, time of diagnosis and of caregiving, patient’s age and stage of disease also influenced their experiences. Conclusions. Health professionals and policy planners should focus on monitoring caregivers’ health, identifying their needs, sources of distress, and supporting caregivers’ coping strategies. They should also be better educated about the clinical and practical aspects of HD.
In a present article the results of land fund investigation of Vasylivka Rural Counsil in Onufriivka region of Kirovohrada oblast in Ukraine and agricultural lands productivity monitoring of land use entity Limited Liability Company “Maryivske” are given. It was established that lands are low-yielding (2.5 Mg ha⁻¹of crops and leguminous plants) and ploughed up to 71%. The implementation of measures of agricultural chemicals rational use showed that their productivity reached 100%. It is reasonable to calculate the rates of local fertilizer distribution, taking into account soil chemical characteristics, provided by plants protection products adding and bioactive substances.
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