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 The request of the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) to the editors of the scientific journals SCIENCE and NATURE not to publish details on the modified H5N1-virus has surprisingly not caused a discussion on censorship within the scientific community (NSABB, 2012a, P.1). This may show that science generally acknowledges the necessity to cut out sensitive data from research results in publications that may serve as a manual for weapons of mass destruction. In this article the policy of the NSABB and the reaction of the scientific community is discussed, as well as the meaning of censorship in dual use research and how an appropriate organisation of future surveillance in sensitive science fields could be organised: To guarantee future undisturbed work in sensitive science fields, the establishment of an internationally organised frame for scientists dealing with dual-use-research is suggested.
When euthanasia became legalised in Holland (2001) and Belgium (2002), problem of the so-called "good death", "death for request" became social, medical, ethical and moral world problem. Polish penal code (1987) treats euthanasia as a sort of murder. Also Medical Ethic Code (1994) regulates doctor's duties concerning patient: "doctor is not allowed to use euthanasia". Euthanasia is often treated as a suicide. According to the lastly published findings, 43 per cent of Polish are for the euthanasia.
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Protoeconomics - elements of economics in antiquity

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Subject and purpose of work: The work presents the emergence and shaping of basic economic issues since the dawn of human economic activity. Contemporary views on important economic issues have their roots in antiquity. The shaping of concepts such as money, interest, contract, credit as a part of the law, began a long time ago and exerted an influence on the way they are understood today. Materials and methods: The basis for the considerations is the study of literature on the history of the development of economics and the science of management in economic, philosophical and ethical aspects. The work has shown the non-linear nature of the development of new phenomena emerging in volatile political, technical, religious and moral conditions, which are largely spontaneous, and a reciprocal overlap of various fields of knowledge in a general and individual sense. Particular discoverers were found to present a wide spectrum of interests. Results: Historically, the development of economic knowledge began with the issues from the border of economics and management, from microeconomics (household) to macroeconomics (money); little information concerns large undertakings such as irrigation systems, pyramids or waging wars. Conclusions: Generally speaking - monarchs’ edicts came before the deliberations of thinkers, concrete reasoning came before abstract considerations.
The results of transplantations of organs and tissues in our country are comparable to these obtained in the best centres in the world. Only the number of the performed operations is significantly smaller than the actual needs. The aim of the study was having knowledge and stance about transplantations and judging knowledge about valid in Poland law rules about drawing and transplanting organs, tissues and cells in research community. On the basis of carried out researches it was certified, that the knowledge about transplantation organs is high. For most people the ascertainment of death brain is the same like death body. The necessary is to make training for future doctors where they can learn to make decisions about transplantations organs from death people and where they can learn to explain any problems of ethic-law nature of transplantation."
The human cloning is a controversial ethical subject. The polish comprehensive school pupils (210 girls and 107 boys) anonymously poll on causes of "human cloning". The "cloning" for 60% people means creating the copy of alive organism, however for 1% the method of artificial insemination. The majority of pupils (74,7%) don't accept the human cloning (74,7%). About 40% of pupils consider, that cloned man has the soul. About 70% of respondents have opinion, that in the future cloning man will be legal. Over 66% of pupils think, that cloned man will have the normal civil rights.
High ethical standards constitute the foundation of high-quality scientific research. Scientific research as a public trust must be conducted according to specific codes, rules, governmental laws, and regulations relating to research ethics. The aim of this paper is to highlight the fundamental ethical principles in scientific research, and those common to sport science and medicine.
W referacie przedstawiono ogólne pojęcia i definicje etyki i moralności. Zagadnienia te omówiono w aspekcie produkcji żywności. Przedstawiono producenta żywności jako człowieka, menadżera i wytwórcą pożywienia.
Article’s goal: to identify and carry out a comparative analysis of the changes that occurred in opinions and attitudes of Polish final customers towards unfair activities addressed to them by food producers in the years 2010-2012. Those activities were divided into 3 groups: related to the product, its packaging and advertising. Research approach: striving to achieve the main goal, the author used the analysis of findings of primary surveys, inclusive of the comparative analysis considering the time factor. Basic research findings: based on the findings of primary surveys the author drew the conclusion of a definite growth of the respondents’ radical attitudes in case of product-related activities, what indicates an increase in their sensitivity to such stimuli. At the same time, there took place an apparent growth in the respondents’ tolerance towards controversial activities related to packaging many of which were not any longer considered by a significant part of people as non-ethical, though still more than half of respondents coined most of those activities as unethical. Practical implications: results of the analysis of the changes taking place in the final customers’ opinions and attitudes should direct producers’ activities what is indispensable for implementation of the assumptions of the modern marketing orientation. Social implications: the emphasised in the article divergence between the postulated in the subject literature partner-like approach to customers and the actual behaviour demonstrated by manufacturers, which is aggravated by their non-ethical actions, precludes joint achievement of aims, as it is not then possible to establish a marketing commonwealth of market partners comprising the offerer and customers.
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Ethics is an essential and integral part of social responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be seen as the responsibility of businesses towards society and the environment for the consequences of their decisions and carried out activities. A characteristic feature of the CSR is that companies’ behaviour is consistent with ethical behaviour, legislation and international standards of behaviour. Ethical behaviour, which deals with business ethics, is in fact the result of the solution to the conflict between the individual interests of businesses and interests of stakeholders. Consumers are a particular group of stakeholders which are interested in ethical behaviour and social responsibility of companies on the food market. In the interest of every consumer of food products meeting their essential living needs related to the safety and high nutritional value of food product is most important. The aim of this article is to provide essential terms regarding ethics and corporate social responsibility of the companies, the main causes of violation of ethical principles by food manufactures and their unethical actions most negatively affecting their image from the consumers’ point of view. Additionally the article contains a brief analysis of five EU countries which sent the largest number of notification to the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in the years 2009-2013, because of the risk of consuming health and life-threatening food.
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