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On the erosion due to inclined jets

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Some preliminary experiments and studies regarding scour processes on a mobile bed caused by inclined jets issuing from a sluice gate are presented. Tests with submerged tailwater conditions have been carried out using different fl ow and geometric conditions. The investigated experimental conditions included different jet Froude numbers, inclinations and tailwater conditions. The bed configuration has been measured during the whole scour hole evolution process until the achievement of a dynamic steady state, where sediment motion was still possible even though it did not allow for any persistent change in the scour and ridge shapes anymore. On the basis of the observed sediment motion, two different patterns of fl ow seem to develop under the investigated conditions: one where the main fl ow remains attached to the bottom of the channel and another where it oscillates between the aforementioned configuration and a surface jet. Some relevant parameters have been identified and used to plot graphs showing their correlation and trends.
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Sediment segregation on weirs of lowland rivers

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Erosion and accumulation processes in the vicinity of water structures develop depending on the life of the facility, hydrological regime and morphology of the riverbed. Diversification of fl ow characteristics affects the segregation of bed sediment on section of period of weirs. Knowledge of factors determining granulometric diversity of bottom material allows for more appropriate bed and riverbanks protections design. It also enables estimation of the conditions of sediment transport down the watercourse and its participation in the balance of the transport of bottom material in the watercourse. Areas where sediment accumulates on the water structures are up water and down water positions, stilling basin and other cavities of the structure. The article presents an analysis of granulometric composition of bottom material in selected lowland weirs. Research facilities are weirs located on lowland rivers. Segregation of sediment material was observed on weir sections. Thickest sediment is piled in up water, smallest in down water.
Up-to-date studies on erosion, including erosion on loessial soils, are based on the division of an actual topographic surface into three zones assumed a 'priori': top area, eroded slope area and foot-hill area as depositional area. As the main research method for the field survey the soil-levelling cross-section has been used most frequently. Although this method allowed us to introduce erosion protection measures in the form of antierosion fields, however, these measures did not work properly in practice because of two reasons: 1) insufficient recognition of the soil cover variability on the basis of soil-levelling cross-sections for establishing the agroecological zones, and 2) basing the analysis of erosion effects mainly on the course of chemical properties. A new approach, described in this paper, evaluates the soils in the eroded loessial region also on the basis of their physical properties. A point valorization scale was developed basing on eight physical and two chemical features of the eroded soils. Computed synthetic valorization indices allow us to classify the uneroded, totally eroded or deluvial soils into the category of good soils, while those being slightly, moderately or severely eroded are classified as medium quality soils.
The aim of the paper is to present the studies on the riverbed erosion on the upper course of Raba river, located from km 81.829 to km 77.751, close to the Stróża gauging station located in km 80.600. This part of the river course is completely changed due to the Project concerning the extension of the Zakopianka road located close to the Raba river. The results of simulation of riverbed evolution before and after the Project carried out by two 1D models (RubarBE and Metoda) are analysed and discussed. The results of computation obtained by both models are verified by field observations carried out in 2001 (before the Project), and in 2009 year (after the Project). The trends of erosion and deposition correspond to the field observations for the dates before and after the Project. Another verification is possible to make for the Stróża cross-section, where observations of cross-sectional geometry and water stages have been carried out from 1900 year till now. The statistical model of riverbed erosion developed for Stróża also confirm the trends obtained there by 1D models.
There are various methods to assess soil erodibility for wind erosion. This paper focuses on aggregate analysis by a laser particle sizer ANALYSETTE 22 (FRITSCH GmbH), made to determine the size distribution of soil particles detached by wind (deflated particles). Ten soil samples, trapped along the same length of the erosion surface (150–155 m) but at different wind speeds, were analysed. The soil was sampled from a flat, smooth area without vegetation cover or soil crust, not affected by the impact of windbreaks or other barriers, from a depth of maximum 2.5 cm. Prior to analysis the samples were prepared according to the relevant specifications. An experiment was also conducted using a device that enables characterisation of the vertical movement of the deflated material. The trapped samples showed no differences in particle size and the proportions of size fractions at different hourly average wind speeds. It was observed that most of particles travelling in saltation mode (size 50–500 μm) – 58–70% – moved vertically up to 26 cm above the soil surface. At greater heights, particles moving in suspension mode (floating in the air; size < 100 μm) accounted for up to 90% of the samples. This result suggests that the boundary between the two modes of the vertical movement of deflated soil particles lies at about 25 cm above the soil surface.
There grounded the frequency range choice in the system of the operation reliability of the technical systems based on the application of probabilistic – statistical method.
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