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Water erosion causes migration of the finest soil particles and chemical compounds. The paper attempts to compare the mechanical composition of sediments susceptible to water erosion on the hillslopes with different cover crops. The research was conducted on the experimental plots in Puczniew. Its results showed that the composition of the sediment washed out from the fallow land significantly differed from that washed out from the plots with grass and barley crops. In the case of fallow land, soil particles were markedly larger. This might indicate the existence of a very hard mineral fraction.
The model experiment (anaerobiosis) determined the ammonium ion concentration in soil solutions, Eh, and pH in soil sediments using soil samples fully saturated with water with incubation occurring at 5, 10 and 20°C during the periods from 0 to 60 days. A total of twelve samples from loess soils representing surface-humus horizons were taken from various parts of 4 eroded slopes of a small river (the Ciemięgacatchment near Lublin, SE Poland). Differentiation in ammonium ion concentrations in the range of 0.54–4.48 mg dm⁻³ was found, depending on the sampling location in the catchment area and slope, as well as on the duration of soil sample incubation time.
The research was carried out in three catenas, in which the soils made a typical toposequence of the moraine landscape in Masurian Lakeland, i.e. eroded soils, deluvial soils, mucky soils as well as slightly and strongly silted peat-muck soils. The total content of Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu was analyzed in these soils. The amounts of soil organic matter and measured elements showed catenal variation. Mucky soils had the highest content of Mg, K, Fe and Na whereas strongly and slightly silted peat-muck soils contained the highest amounts of P, Mn, Ca and Cu. The content of Ca was positively correlated with organic matter content. The amount of Mg, K, Cu and Mn was positively correlated with the amount of clay fraction. As the studied soils are located at the bottom of a slope, downwards water flow, where mineral compounds are accumulated in deposits or dissolved in water, mucky soils and silted peat-muck soils contain high amounts of the analyzed elements. Mucky soils and silted peat-muck soils play a role of biogeochemical barriers protecting wetlands against nutrients from surrounding moraine uplands. Surface horizons of deluvial soils were depleted of the analyzed elements (excluding P) whereas AO horizons of mucky soils and Mt horizons of peat-muck soils were abundant in the measured elements (excluding Ca). Various amounts of the analyzed elements in the pedons of the catena sequences should be taken into consideration when planning land use in the moraine landscape, which has unique natural values.
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is presently an environmental problem of primary concern, whose role in air quality, climatic and ecological issues is well recognized, though still a matter of extensive investigations (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007).It is of great scientific interest to detect sources of atmospheric particulate matter and quantify their influence on the global and local scales. Unfortunately, emissions are usually not directly available, while PM concentration time series are experimentally accessible, so that the problem often consists in "inverting" these data to determine the region of influence that caused the measured concentration. In this paper we are concerned with an alternative approach to inverse modeling based on backward trajectory analysis (BTA); this approach has the potential to overcome some limitations associated with traditional BTA.We apply this method to the analysis of PM time series from the Monte Cimone observatory, hereafter MCT, a high altitude station on the top of the Italian Northern Apennines, with the aim of estimate the contribution of Saharan dust transport on PM concentration levels registered in the Mediterranean region.
The research was carried out in a fi eld experiment in eroded Haplic Luvisols developed from loess at a privately owned farm in Bogucin (51°20’N, 22°23’E) at the Lublin Upland. After spring wheat had been sawn, 9 plots with an area of 9 m2 each, including 3 control plots, were marked out. AgroHydroGel was spread over in the doses of 1 gּ kg–1 and 2 gּ kg–1 recalculated to dry soil) and mixed within the 0–5 cm layer of soil. AgroHydroGel is a cross-linked hydrophilic polyacrylamide copolymer with water absorption of 300–500 gּ cm–3. Soil samples were collected in June and August 2005 at the layer of 0–5 cm. The results of this study indicate that the use of AgroHydroGel in the doses of 1 and 2 gּ kg–1 improved the majority of the water-air properties in the soil surface layer. The bulk density decreased signifi cantly hereas the maximum water capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, content of macropores > 20 μm, actual air permeability and permeability at fi eld water saturation were signifi cantly higher. The polymer dose of 2 gּ kg–1 was more effective, increasing signifi cantly also fi eld water capacity in the soils studied. The applied doses of the hydrogel did not change signifi cantly actual soil moisture, retention of water useful to plants, including retention of easily available water, and content of water-stable aggregates < 0.2 μm in diameter. A more benefi cial effect of AgroHydroGel on water-air properties of the eroded soils was found in August.
The aim of the study was to examine the physical and water retention properties of the Holocene alluvial and deluvial soils in the morainic, riverine and delta landscapes of north-eastern Poland. In comparison to eroded soils, deluvial soils in a morainic landscape featured lower compaction, higher retention capacity corresponding to field capacity, higher values of potentialuse ful retention (PRU) and water easily available for plants (ERU). Deluvial soils in the landscape of morainic hills and plains, despite the statistically significantly higher field capacity in relation to deluvial soils in the lakeland hill landscape, had similar amounts of useful retention and water easily available for plants. The highest value of soil water potential at 98.1 hPa (pF 2.0), 490.5 hPa (pF 2.7), 981.0 hPa (pF 3.0) and 15 547.9 hPa (pF 4.2) was found for alluvial soils in riverine landscapes. These soils, despite the high water capacity, had similar amounts of water available for plants (PRU) in comparison to alluvial soils in delta landscape and deluvial soils. The most favourable water-air properties were found for the deluvial soils in lakeland hill landscape. The ratio of mesopores to macropores and to micropores amounted to 1:1.32:1.24.
Since 1990 in Poland, a lot of soils have been changed to fallow.At first, degraded soils from eroded areas were changed. Some of them are fallow till today.Research work was carried out on the erroded soils that were under intense agricultural use in the 80-ties.Investigations on the superficial layer of these soils were carried out in 1995, after a four-year periodof fallow conditions. The investigations concentrated on the changes in chemical properties of the humus horizon (0 - 20cm) and changes of biological activity (0-40 cm) formed during the fallow period.The range of changes in the chemical properties was not big.However, biological activity of these soils changed more substantially. A decrease of C organic content was also characteristics. The present authors determined also a decrease of hydrolytic acidity in some soils, according to their location in the relief. In some soils, the content of Mg and K available forms was higher. Some of the soil functions related to habitation were changed too, e.g. visible forms of water erosion stopped.
The studies were carried out within a catena of loess soils of the West Roztocze region. These are typical grey-brown podzolic soils (Haplic Luvisols) in various stages of erosion and deluvial soil (Eutric Fluvisol). Research shows the great variation in the morphology and the physical-chemical properties of the soils. Differences observed included the content of humus, range of soil reaction, depth of decalcification, hydrolytic acidity, and the content of exchangeable cations. The reasons for such a differentiation lie in various forms of economic human influence on the surface formations of the lithosphere, including the soil cover, occurring both now and in the past.
W doświadczeniu poletkowym badano bezpośredni i następczy wpływ dodatku polimeru Terakryl w dwóch dawkach (1 i 2 g·kg-1) na skład agregatowy i wodoodporność agregatów w glebie płowej typowej wytworzonej z lessu, ulegającej powierzchniowej erozji wodnej. Wyniki wykazały, że Terakryl istotnie zmniejszył niekorzystną zawartość brył o wymiarach >10 mm, a zwiększył zawartość powietrznie suchych agregatów 1-5 mm i 0,25-1 oraz zawartość wodoodpornych agregatów 1-10 mm w warstwie 0-5 cm gleby zerodowanej. W drugim roku po zastosowaniu Terakrylu w glebie istotnie zwiększyła się zawartość wodoodpornych agregatów o wymiarach 0,25-10 mm w porównaniu z glebą poletek kontrolnych. Bardziej skuteczny był polimer zastosowany w dawce 2 g·kg-1.
Celem pracy była ocena bezpośredniego i następczego wpływu polimeru żelowego AgroAquaGel 800 w dawkach 0,5 i 1 g∙kg-1 na skład agregatowy i wodoodporność agregatów w zerodowanej glebie płowej wytworzonej z lessu. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że AgroAquaGel 800 istotnie zmniejszył zawartość brył o wymiarach > 10 mm i istotnie zwiększył zawartość powietrznie suchych agregatów 0,25-10 mm w powierzchniowej warstwie erodowanej gleby. Zastosowanie hydrożelu istotnie zwiększyło w glebie, w porównaniu z próbą kontrolną, zawartość wodoodpornych agregatów glebowych o wymiarach 0,25-10 mm. W drugim roku po zastosowaniu hydrożelu w glebie ulepszanej stwierdzono większą zawartość wodoodpornych agregatów o wymiarach 0,25-10 mm w porównaniu z glebą poletek kontrolnych.
Research was carried out on the basis of investigations from the years 1996-1998 on the so-called monoliths in the soils derived from loess formations. Properties of those formations were differentiated by landscape and processes of water erosion. It was found out that post-sewage waters (waters received after sewage treatment) from a mechanical-biological sewage treatment plant have a more favourable influence on both the value of acidification indexes and relations between cations in the soils than solid mineral salts.
The aim of this paper was to assess differentiation in the total content of Cu, Zn and Mn under the influence of water erosion. The present author investigated parent material, eroded soils and delluvial sediments of a small arable-forest catchment of the moraine zone in West Pomerania. The average content of heavy metals in the parent rock (boulder light loam) were assumed as geochemical backgrounds of Cu, Zn and Mn. It was found out that erosion process caused differentiation in heavy metals. Zinc was the most mobile in this transportation; Mn was not sensitive to it. Delluvial sediments from arable (drainage) depressions had a clearly lower content of Cu and Zn than the parent material. It was also noted that Cu and Zn content in the forest area was lower than in the arable area of a similar relief and soil composition. Mn content was always higher in the arable soils. Soil-forming processes influenced differentiation of heavy metals in the vertical soil profile. The humus and Bt horizons (accumulation of silicate clay) were enriched with heavy metals. A decrease of heavy metal content was noticed in the eluvial horizon (Eet - outwash of silicate clay). The humus horizon of the investigated soil had, a natural (not increased) content of Cu, Zn and Mn.
Lublin municipal waste water effluent treated in two stages (mechanical and biological) was used in the monoliths filled with loess soil of an undisturbed structure taken from different erosion zones: W - top (grey-brown podzolic soil): D - bottom of the valley (deluvial soil); N - northern slope (brown soil - weakly eroded), S - southern slope (calcareous soil - strongly eroded). Control objects were the monoliths treated with equal amounts of water and nutrients: N, P, K, Mg. In the soils treated with sewage and water and mineral salts, a similar increase in the content of soluble metal forms (Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni) was observed.
W poletkowym doświadczeniu badano bezpośredni wpływ polimeru żelowego AgroAquaGel 800 w dwóch dawkach (0,5 g∙kg-1 i 1 g∙kg-1) na właściwości wodne i powietrzne gleby płowej wytworzonej z lessu ulegającej erozji wodnej. AgroAquaGel 800 jest usieciowanym polimerem poliakryloamidowym o absorpcji wody 800 g∙cm-3. Badania wykazały, że zastosowanie hydrożelu w dawce 1 g∙kg-1 istotnie zmniejszyło gęstość gleby oraz istotnie zwiększyło pełną pojemność wodną, przewodnictwo wodne nasycone, porowatość ogólną, pojemność i przepuszczalność powietrzną w powierzchniowej warstwie badanej gleby.
Na stoku moreny czołowej zlodowacenia środkowopolskiego, na Wysoczyźnie Siedleckiej, badano ogólną zawartość Al oraz wybranych pierwiastków śladowych (B, Co, Mo, Ti, Li ) w dwóch transeptach: na wierzchowinie, zboczu i u podnóża. W analizowanych glebach stwierdzono niską zawartość ogólną wybranych pierwiastków, odpowiadającą „zawartości naturalnej” (wg IUNG). Zawartość badanych pierwiastków w poziomach próchnicznych układała się w następującym szeregu malejących wartości: Al > Ti > B > Co > Li > Mo i przeważnie zwiększała się w glebach położonych najniżej. Powierzchniowe poziomy próchniczne gleb deluwialnych charakteryzowały się większą zawartością Al, Co, Li i Ti, mniejszą B i zbliżoną Mo, niż gleby położone wyżej na erodowanych stokach.
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