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The cause of the most significant helminth diseases in swine — Ascaris suum, can also causes infections in humans. The use of swine manure in agriculture renders the eggs of this ascaridida an accessible source of infection, thus posing a significant risk factor for human health. With the objective of proving the prevalence of infection with A. suum nematodes in the territory of Serbia, investigations were carried out in the period between 2007–2011 in the territories of five districts: North Bačka, South Banat, Braničevo, Zlatibor and Nišava. The investigations covered coprological examinations of 1031 feces samples of swine originating from farms owned by individual breeders. The samples were examined using the standard flotation method with a saturated water solution of NaCl. The established prevalence of ascariasis infection amounted to 47.62% (1031/491). The biggest prevalence of infection was determined in the territory of the Braničevo District, 65.78% (301/198), and the smallest in the territory of the Nišava District, 32.24% (183/59). In spite of its prevalence and vast economic importance, there is still insufficient information about the key aspects of the biology and epidemiology of A. suum. Viewed from the aspect of epizootiology, it is very important to know the prevalence of swine infections with Ascaris because of the possible infection of humans by its migrating larvae.
Celem badań była kompleksowa ocena sytuacji epizootycznej choroby Aujeszkyego (chA) w fermach państwowych i prywatnych jako podstawa wdrożenia programu zwalczania choroby w woj. olsztyńskim. Badania wykonano w 159 fermach państwowych i 121 prywatnych, co stanowiło odpowiednio 80.7% i 80.1% wszystkich ferm w woj. olsztyńskim. Zbadano 19 294 surowice świń (18 167 z ferm państwowych i 1 127 z prywatnych) używając zestawów do testu ELISA (Bioveta-Ivanovice). Wykazano, że średni współczynnik zapowietrzenia ferm państwowych, będący stosun­kiem liczby ferm zapowietrzonych do ogólnej liczby ferm, wynosił w woj. olsztyńskim 57.0%. Średni współczynnik zakażenia stad świń w fermach państwowych, będący stosunkiem liczby świń zakażonych do ogólnej liczby świń w stadzie, określono w woj. olsztyńskim na 70.4%, z wahaniami od 2.8% do 100.0% w poszczególnych stadach. Świnie w fermach prywatnych w woj. olsztyńskim są generalnie wolne od wirusa chA (1 knur zakażony na 1127 świń badanych został natychmiast wyeliminowany). Sytuacja epizootyczna chA wskazuje na potrzebę włączenia jej do wykazu chorób objętych obowiązkiem zgłaszania i rozpoczęcia akcji zwalczania zgodnie z wymogami europejskimi.
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Echinococcosis and hydatidosis in Bulgaria

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As far as echinococcosis and hydatidosis are concerned the situation in Bulgaria during the last 45 years has been different from the situation in other countries having permanent problems with these helminthoses. Till 1951 echinococcosis in dogs in Bulgaria was not controlled. After this period planned prophylactic treatment of sheep-dogs and hunting dogs started and control over the slaughter houses began. As a result of the long-term programme for complex struggle against these diseases significant success was achieved in Bulgaria during the 70s. and 80s. After 1985 the system of long-term struggle with echinococcosis stopped functioning. Rapid and uncontrollable development of dog-breeding activity began. Veterinary specialists lost control over the sheep-dogs, hunting dogs and stray dogs. This tendency is stili developing. As a result, the percentage of infected dogs in the country increased and reached 14.8%, in some regions even 42%. The purpose of this article is to review the epizootiology and epidemiology of echinococcosis and hydatidosis in Bulgaria. The reasons of the difficult situation and the means of struggle against these helminthoses are also being discussed.
Rediae and immature cercariae of the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, a pathogenic and important parasite of game animals, were found in 6 out of 7,277 Radix peregra (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae) from two localities in Western and Central Bohemia, Czech Republic. In one of these localities a relatively high infection of Galba truncatula (26 out of 76) with mature cercariae of F. magna was detected. R. peregra, which is dominant over Galba truncatula, has never been reported as the natural intermediate host of F. magna. Its potential susceptibility to F. magna infection was confirmed experimentally with 67 snails of R. peregra (out of 371) infected. The present data indicate the capability of F. magna to expand the spectrum of its intermediate hosts and demonstrate the potential epizootiological importance of lymnaeid snails, other than G. truncatula, for transmission of the parasite in Europe.
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Trichinellosis in Kamchatka

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Q fever - selected issues

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Q fever is an infectious disease of humans and animals caused by Gram-negative coccobacillus Coxiella burnetii, belonging to the Legionellales order, Coxiellaceae family. The presented study compares selected features of the bacteria genome, including chromosome and plasmids QpH1, QpRS, QpDG and QpDV. The pathomechanism of infection – starting from internalization of the bacteria to its release from infected cell are thoroughly described. The drugs of choice for the treatment of acute Q fever are tetracyclines, macrolides and quinolones. Some other antimicrobials are also active against C. burnetii, namely, telitromycines and tigecyclines (glicylcycline). Q-VAX vaccine induces strong and long-term immunity in humans. Coxevac vaccine for goat and sheep can reduce the number of infections and abortions, as well as decrease the environmental transmission of the pathogen. Using the microarrays technique, about 50 proteins has been identified which could be used in the future for the production of vaccine against Q fever. The routine method of C. burnetii culture is proliferation within cell lines; however, an artificial culture medium has recently been developed. The growth of bacteria in a reduced oxygen (2.5%) atmosphere was obtained after just 6 days. In serology, using the IF method as positive titers, the IgM antibody level >1:64 and IgG antibody level >1:256 (against II phase antigens) has been considered. In molecular diagnostics of C. burnetii infection, the most frequently used method is PCR and its modifications; namely, nested PCR and real time PCR which detect target sequences, such as htpAB and IS1111, chromosome genes (com1), genes specific for different types of plasmids and transposase genes. Although Q fever was diagnosed in Poland in 1956, the data about the occurrence of the disease are incomplete. Comprehensive studies on the current status of Q fever in Poland, with special focus on pathogen reservoirs and vectors, the sources of infection and molecular characteristics of bacteria should be conducted.
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