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Ecohydrology has the potential to make a significant contribution to the global need for improved water resources management. An investigation was conducted into educational and capacity building activities related to ecohydrology in an effort to better integrate understanding, promote awareness of existing activities, and to recommend action for global knowledge translation. Based on a survey of key partners and a review of the literature, three key observations were made: 1) consistency in the use of the definition and key concepts behind ecohydrology must be achieved, 2) development of a framework for courses in ecohydrology be developed for application on a regional and global scale and 3) there may be existing educational materials on ecohydrology but they are not well publicized or accessible even to seasoned practitioners. These recommendations are currently being implemented with the development and testing of three pilot courses.
Several cases of the developing water crisis in semi-arid regions of Tanzania are described. Some cases have transboundary causes. These include Lake Victoria and the riparian population as a result of hydroelectricity developments in Uganda, the Serengeti ecosystem threatened by deforestation of the Mau forest and irrigation in Kenya, and several national parks threatened by irrigation projects within Tanzania. Some of these developments are given national priorities like in case of the Great Ruaha River. Other irrigation projects are driven by the local population to combat poverty. Most of these developments are in breach of state laws because there is no consideration of minimal environmental flows and all have profound negative impacts on people and wildlife downstream. The paper describes the previously unreported case of irrigation in the upper Katuma River that flows into Lake Rukwa, which lead to poverty increase, environmental degradation and a decrease in ecosystem services provision downstream. Governance at the watershed scale in a framework compatible with ecohydrology principles is needed. Such solutions are proposed.
Competition for water has intensified. Determining when, and how much, water needs to be left for in-river values is a challenge world-wide. In New Zealand there is now a well established connection between the flow regime, as defined by the magnitude and variability of flows, and suitability for in-river values. Physical habitat requirements of the biota have been defined and related to overall flow regimes (e.g., mountain fed, hill fed and lowland fed). Key to this is understanding both minimum flow and variability requirements of the biota. This paper overviews some of this science and illustrates how this knowledge has helped resolve river resource management issues in New Zealand.
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