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We examined the possible association between road traffic noise in residential areas and myocardial infarction (MI) incidence. We conducted an ecological study among 25-64-year-old men in the general population of Kaunas city. The study comprised all first time MI cases among stable residents of Kaunas treated in hospitals in 1999-2001 (518). We measured traffic-related noise levels at the 117 electoral districts and linked these levels to residential addresses using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. In daytime period (10-12 hr, 10 min.) traffic-related noise emission fluctuated between 58 dB(A) to 82 dB(A) and about 18% of citizens were exposed to noise level exceeding 65 dB(A) in their residential district. The age-adjusted MI incidence per 1,000 increased by increasing noise exposure. In the total group of 25-64 years old men the incidence tended to increase from 2.07 in the 1st (lowest) exposure area to 2.57 in the 4th (highest) exposure area (Risk ratio (RR) 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-2.32). In the subgroup of 55-64 years old men, the risk ratio increased by 92% (RR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.00-3.67). Our results indicate a relationship between traffic noise exposure and MI incidence among 55-64-year-old men.
The investigations concerned sites of Acer platanoides L. infected or not by Rhytisma aceriniu (Pers.) Fr. The aim of the study was to check the occurrence of R. acerinium, and whether it reflects the environmental status. Furthermore, an analysis was carried out to find out whether the applied SOFM offers additional advantages to solve problems in relation to conventional methods. Concentrations of selected elements in soils and leaves, and leaf and "tar-spot" morphometric traits were also measured. A significant differentiation was found between sites in relation to the analyzed traits. It appeared, that sites showing lower concentrations of chemical elements and proper developmental habitat conditions massive infections take place. The study showed that R. acerinium is a good biological indicator for assessment of environmental status. The applied, conventional statistical methods, SOFM and image techniques showed similar, but not identical results for assessment of environmental quality using R. acerinium. SOFM appeared to be more useful for ordination of results and ought to be taken into account as a proper tool of estimation of various plants and their biotopes.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of nitrogen fertilizer industry pollution on epiphytic lichen communities. The study plots are located in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris stands at different distances (up to 12 km) to the northeast and southwest of the nitrogen fertilizer producer plant in central Lithuania. The stands were semi-mature and mature and growing on sandy sites of the Vaccinio-myrtillosa site type. Species richness, composition and index of atmospheric purity (IAP) were assessed at each site. Species diversity was calculated by grouping species by their ecological values for eutrophication. Species frequency was calculated according to lichen life strategies (growth forms, photobionts, reproductive strategies). Twenty lichens species were recorded in the surrounding of the pollution source. An increase in species richness and diversity was found with increasing the distance up to 10 km from the plant. Based on IAP values three zones (< 5, 5–10, > 10 km) with different air pollution were distinguished. The increase in species richness was related to the increase in eutrophication-tolerating species along with sensitive to pollution species. The lichen diversity value of nitrophytic species (LDVnitro) increased with increasing distance from the pollution source. Foliose and fruticose growth forms were both positively significantly related with the distance, being common in the plots with lower level of pollution. Crustose lichens are less sensitive to this factor and the prevalence of crustose thalli was found in the nearest vicinity to the plant.
Currently, the main priority of the company is to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, protect human health and rational use of natural resources. Therefore the aim of society is based on the principle of precaution, prevention, to prevent environmental pollution. As an example in this paper highlight the process of recovery of WEEE, the development of sales of electronics and electronic volume effect for each period in the Slovak Republic.
The analysis of the area of the municipality of Tu oro sul Trasimeno in Umbria, Central Italy (the historical site of the Battle of Trasimeno in 217 BC) was carried out to evaluate changes in land use from 1977 to 2000 at the land-plot level using relevant land use maps. An evaluation of the environmental quality of land use in 2000 was also made. The study involved an analysis of the environmental diversity in terms of extent and variety of land use. The Landscape Conservation Index (ILC), and diversity indicators (Shannon-Wiener Index and Eveness Index) were calculated. The study showed how landscape quality gradually declined due to an increase in agricultural areas to the detriment of natural areas. The calculation of environmental indicators, particularly the Eveness Index showed how the difference between real and potential diversity increased, in favour of real diversity. This is a symptom of increased human pressure.
Distribution and availability of heavy metals to plants is important when assessing the environmental quality of an area. The objectives of this study conducted in 2002 were: a) determine the levels of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in the agricultural soils of the Bursa plain so that the degree of pollution could be ascertained, b) identify the various heavy metal forms present in soils using a fractionation scheme based on sequential extraction, and c) to find possible dependence on soil physicochemical properties. Total heavy metal content of the soils studied was generally higher than the levels reported in literature for similar soils, suggesting some degree of pollution with heavy metals. The exchangeable forms of the heavy metals, however, were very low, indicating that under present conditions, the availability of heavy metals to plants is at a minimum.
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