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W pracy przedstawiono przykłady zastosowań roślinności do oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia różnych elementów środowiska. W pierwszej części przedstawiono definicję biowskaźników i biomonitorów, kryteria ich doboru oraz wady i zalety tego sposobu monitorowania zanieczyszczeń. W drugiej części zebrano przykłady zastosowania typowej roślinności (alg, mchów, porostów, traw, roślin uprawnych oraz drzew i ich części) do oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia powietrza, wody i gleby.
This paper compares the predicted insulation of clothing (Iclp) in Toruń and Koniczynka, presented using a scale of evaluation of thermal environment proposed by B. Krawczyk (2000). The annual mean value of predicted insulation of clothing in urban areas of Toruń was equal to 1.0 clo, which was 0.1 less than in the agricultural area of Koniczynka. The influence of atmospheric circulation on the Iclp index was also analysed. The study used the circulation types as classified by Niedźwiedź (1981) in the Catalogue of atmospheric circulation for the Bydgoszcz-Toruń region (Przybylak and Maszewski 2009, 201 3). The frequency of occurrence of individual circulation types was examined along with their in fluence on the predicted insulation of clothing in different seasons of the year and in an annual course. During the year, the highest mean value of Iclp (1.4 clo in Koniczynka) corresponded to cyclonic situations with northerly advection, whereas the lowest value (0.8 clo in Toruń and Koniczynka) was observed for the anticyclonic wedge.
The aim of this article is to give an overview of the molecular methods used for detecting helminth parasites in the environment, their advantages as well as their limitations with examples of successful applications of these methods in different helminth classes. Molecular techniques represent a wide range of sensitive diagnostic tools in parasitology. Environmental monitoring is an essential element of epidemiological studies. Many helminth parasites depend on the environment for the completion of their life cycle. The abundance of their transmissive stages determines infection risks. The application of highly specific and sensitive monitoring methods allows gathering more precise epidemiological data.
The process of analytical signal generation in chemical sensors such as ion-selective electrodes, ion-sensitive field effect transistors and fibre optic sensors is described. The principle of operation of these sensors is explained with respect to the signal conversion from the concentration of the analyte into the changes in analytical signal obtained from the sensor. Some general considerations about chemical sensor design are also given.
Results of lead and cadmium contents in soil adjacent to European highway E30 in the East of Poland were presented in the study. Soil samples were collected at three distances: 0, 50, and 100 m from the track, and at two depths: 5-15 cm and 35-45 cm. Soil pH, content of silt and clay particles, organic matter content, types of underlaying rock and land use methods were tested. The total contents of lead and cadmium were analyzed by AAS method. Lead content ranged from 9.70 mg・kg⁻¹ to 155.75 mg・kg⁻¹ of dry matter (on average 103.38 mg・kg⁻¹) in the strip directly adjacent to the roadside. The values were significantly larger than those from further distances. The lead content in soils beyond the road strip did not exceed the limit value of 100 mg・kg⁻¹ in soil used for farming purposes. The cadmium content, however, ranged from 0.016 to 0.909 mg・kg⁻¹, and it did not significantly depended on the distance from the road. The largest cadmium content, significantly different from others, in soils located to the east of the industrial district of Siedlce was proved, but the content did not exceed the limit of 1 mg・kg⁻¹ in soil of agricultural area. The study was a part of complex research concerning the environmental monitoring that was conducted by co-authors of the paper.
A study on the response of macroinvertebrate assemblages to the restoration of hydrological connectivity of an oxbow lake through the channel excavation is presented. The study included a five-year environmental monitoring (hydrological, hydro-chemical measurements and invertebrate sampling) carried out in the years 2008–2009 and 2011–2012 in the floodplain of the Słupia River (N Poland). The results allowed for assessing ecological effects of the hydrotechnical treatments (re-opening of an old river bed, declogging and installation of wooden deflectors) applied in the oxbow restoration. The results confirmed the preliminary hypothesis that the level of hydrological connectivity determines the dynamics of invertebrate fauna communities in river-floodplain systems. Analysis of the data revealed that such reconnection considerably influenced the structure of hydrobionts by altering abiotic habitat conditions. Effects of radical changes in the habitat morphology and hydrodynamic conditions and monitoring of macroinvertebrate assemblages preformed in the restored lake indicated a significant instability of the ecosystem soon after the treatment, what was confirmed by the results of canonical analysis, in which 50% of the total variance remained unexplained. Among factors analysed, water quality parameters explained 21.4% of the total variance in macroinvertebrate communities. However, the hydrobionts showed a significant instability with respect to variable hydrological conditions (flow through the lake) what contributed to a low share of water flow along the oxbow in explaining the total variance. The analysis of long-term changes that occurred in the studied ecosystem showed that the restoration of full hydrological connectivity brought only a short-term increase in benthofauna abundance. The most distinct reorganization in the structure of macroinvertebrate communities was observed in the first year after the reconnection while the consecutive four years brought only insignificant changes, mainly the appearance of a few species, mainly molluscs. Our investigation suggests that the taxonomic composition of macroinvertebrates in the studied oxbow lake having the only one-arm opening, before the improvement of hydrological connectivity, seemed to be more stable and optimal for this kind of habitat, than after the hydrotechnical works, when the ecosystem became passable due to both-arms connections to the river channel. Therefore, semi-lotic oxbows, connected to parent rivers only with one arm, can be properly functioning aquatic ecosystems in river floodplains.
The article reports the results of an exploratory analysis of an air monitoring data set, collected at a monitoring station in the biggest, most congested and most polluted city of the silesian region, Katowice. In order to extract important information on air pollution in this city, the strategy of exploring the data set with missing elements and outliers simultaneously existing in the data was used. The strategy assumed the initial estimation of missing elements based on the application of robust Partial Least Squares (rPLS) and outli­ers identification based on the so-called robust distance. After outliers identification and replacing them with missing elements, the Expectation-Maximization iterative approach (built into Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) was used for the construction of the final model.
Environmental monitoring of selected metals was performed using biota and soil samples. Sampling was carried out during the period March-May and October-November. For the isolation of these analytes, conventional extraction and microwave mineralization techniques were applied. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) equipped with Graphite Furnace (GF) was used to determine heavy metals and macroelements. The obtained data were compared with the respective values recommended by the Polish Standards. Popular bioindicators were used to estimate the level of pollution by heavy metals of Torun, Poland. Application of the established sampling procedures for environmental samples and determination methods for xenobiotics can be successfully applied for the purpose of routine analyses in biomonitoring.
Life quality of humans, and their health in particular, are affected by a considerable number of factors, one of the most important of which is the condition of the environment. It is known that the quality of the environment affects the health status of the human population in about 15-20%. Air quality assessment is performed for pollutants that have limit values of air pollution (SO2, NO2, NOx, PM10 particles, Pb, CO, benzene), target levels for ozone, PM2,5 and precursor of ozone. After assessing the overall development of the measured emissions in the territory of the Slovak Republic as determined in the EMEP network (Environment Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) for the period of 2001-2007, we came to the conclusion that the limit values were not exceeded at any of the EMEP stations. The limit values that we used for comparison with measured emissions were in accordance with the decree of the Ministry of Environment on air quality, No. 705/2002.
A simple and sensitive electroanalytical technique for the detection and quantification of zinc has been developed that demonstrates beneficial analytical features of boron-doped diamond electrode. The influence of deposition potential on the stripping peak current of zinc was studied, and optimum value of -1.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl electrode was chosen. Optical and atomic force microscopic studies showed that the mechanism of deposition process is governed by nucleation by which first nanoparticles and then grains of zinc are formed. The detection limit of 4.7×10⁻¹⁰ mol·l⁻¹, good repeatability (relative standard deviation of 3.2%) as well as wide linear dynamic range from 5×10⁻¹⁰ to 5×10⁻⁶ mol·l⁻¹ were obtained in 0.1 mol·l⁻¹ KCl for deposition time of 120 s. Interference from other heavy metals such as Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺ do not significantly influence anodic stripping peak of zinc even in a 100-fold excess. The method was applied in analysis of zinc in environmental rubber industry samples with results in good agreement with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry, confirming that the boron-doped diamond electrode is an excellent sensing tool for heavy metals environmental monitoring.
Air pollution in Pakistan is causing damage to health, environment and quality of life. Air pollution in Pakistan is not effectively monitored due to heavy cost involved in setting up ground stations. However, Satellite remote sensing can effectively monitor the air pollution in terms of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at regional as well as global level. However, algorithms used to derive AOD from different sensors have some inherited differences which can pose challenges in monitoring regional AOD at high temporal resolution using more than one sensor. Therefore, this study focuses on comparison of four major satellite based AOD products namely Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), Ozone Monitoring Instrument multiwavelength (OMI) aerosol product and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) with the ground based AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) AOD which is only available from Lahore and Karachi in Pakistan. The correlation of various AOD products with AERONET AOD is estimated statistically through coefficient of determination (R²), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), slope and intercept. It is noticed that MODIS is relatively accurate and reliable for monitoring air quality on operational bases over the land cover area of Lahore (R² = 0.78; RMSE = 0.18), whereas MISR over the coastal areas of Karachi (R² = 0.82; RMSE = 0.20). The results of the study will help the stakeholders in planning additional ground stations for operational monitoring of air quality at regional level.
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