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The research on impact of Cleonus piger Scop. (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) feeding and the occurrence of other pest insects on milk thistle plants grown in monoculture and crop rotation after cereals, with two different seeding dates was carried out in the years 2003–2005. The infestation and density of C. piger larvae in roots of plants grown in monoculture increased with subsequent developmental phases and subsequent years of the experiment. Feeding resulted in the decrease in crop yield by 40% compared to the crop rotation treatment. In crop rotation stands, the infestation of milk thistle roots by C. piger larvae was 4–5 times lower at the final phase than in monoculture. Postponing seeding by three weeks led to the decrease of infestation and density of C. piger larvae, but the crop yield was lower than that from the earlyseeded stands. No other phytophagous species of economic importance were found.
The studies on the role of recently established shelterbelts as refuges available for wintering insects were carried out in the years 1994–2002. Soil and litter samples were taken (the material being sorted manually) from five young (up to 7 years old) and two older midfield shelterbelts, from the ecotone zones and from the adjacent croplands. A high numbers (250–400 ind. m⁻²) of insects, which biomass varied between 950 and 2300 mg dry wt. m⁻², were found to overwinter in young (4–7 years old) shelterbelts. The insects formed communities (dominated by Coleoptera) represented by over 50 families. Effects of the shelterbelt’s age, the presence or absence of litter, specific composition of trees and the location of sampling plots within the shelterbelt on wintering insects are discussed.
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Entomofauna of Heracleum Sosnowskyi Manden

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In 1998 and 1999, the research on the contents of entomofauna settlement of Heracleum Sosnowskyi Manden was carried out at Mochełek, and in 1999 - at Minikowo near Bydgoszcz. Useful insects were the most abundant group in the tested habitats. Based on the results of the investigations, it can be concluded that only two species: blunt’s flat-body (Depressaria depresella Hb.) and celery fly (Phillophylla heraclei L.) may be of any importance in the fight against population of this plant.
Influence of some selected heavy metals applied into soil as water salt solutions (2 mg Cd, 30 mg Cu, 15 mg Ni, 80 mg Pb and 70 mg Zn/kg soil d.m.) on the growth and development of broad beans and on occurrence of harmful and beneficial insects on the plant was investigated in field conditions. The applied doses of soil contamination with heavy metals strongly affected broad beans development. Plants were characterised by a significantly lower number and length of shoots and a lesser number of pods per plant as compared to the control. Chemical analysis of individual parts of plant revealed big differences in heavy metal contents in roots of plants in contaminated soil as compared to control soil with natural contents of metal ions. In the above ground parts, i.e. leaves and shoots the differences were considerably smaller. Numbers of beetroot aphids were determined on the selected plants since its appearance to the end of its development. Simultaneously, occupation of aphid colony by predators: ladybirds, Syrphidae and Chrysophidae larvae was also assessed. The number of plants occupied by aphids at each plot was also estimated. Aphids on plants in soil with increased metal contents formed more numerous colonies, also the insects invaded a bigger number of plants. Ladybird larvae, predators for aphids, occurred in more numerous colonies on plants in contaminated soil. The numbers of other aphid predators: Syrphidae and Chrysophidae larvae did not reveal statistically significant differences.
In the years 1861–2008, on the field crops of 76 species and botanic varieties of vegetables cultivated in Poland, there were found 334 phytophagous taxons as pests belonging to 8 orders of insects: Orthoptera (1 specimen), Dermaptera (1), Thysanoptera (20), Hemiptera (64), Coleoptera (111), Hymenoptera (4), Lepidoptera (62), and Diptera (71 specimens). Between them, 25 specimens were known as pests of vegetables in XIX century in Poland. The dominant species posing a threat to plantations every year among others were: Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.), European turnished bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.), Bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.), Peach aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulz.)], Turnip ceutorhynchus (Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll.), Common silver Y moth [Autographa gamma (L.)], Damond back moth [Plutella xylostella (L.)], Carrot rust fly [Chamaepsila rosae (Fabr.)], Onion maggot [Delia antiqua (Meig.)], Cabbage root fly [D. radicum (L.)], and soil pests.
Entomofauna: Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and two groups of Homoptera were investigated in 13 seedcrops. Results of the studies on Heteroptera are presented here.
Thirty eight species of 3 families of Auchenorrhyncha have been recorded from glades.
A study of the insects inhabiting of cones of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Gorce National Park was conducted during 1998-2000. As a result of breeding and analyses of the cones from 180 trees at various altitudes above sea level, 17,803 specimens of cono- and seminiphagous insects and their parasitoids were collected. The insects belonging to 34 species from 5 orders. Coenotic groups of insects were distinguished, which were characterized with use of ecological indicators. Damage to cones and the losses of spruce seeds caused by pests were measured, with regard both to a variable cone crop abundance and to different altitudes above sea level.
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