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The energy equivalence rule assumes that the scaling of population density with body mass is inversely proportional to the scaling of individual metabolic rate. As a result, the total population energy use, calculated as the product of individual metabolic rate and population density, is independent of body mass. Here we evaluated the validity of this rule at the scale of a single community of mammals. Strong linear dependencies were found between log-transformed individual metabolic rate and log-transformed body mass as well as between body mass and density. The slopes of these relationships are close to the predicted |3/4| value and, in accordance with the energy equivalence rule, exhibit opposite values. The results however supported this rule only at the scale of the whole community. When small and large species were considered separately, population energy use increased with body mass. Analyzing these two groups separately strongly decreased the range of body mass considered. Body mass range seems to be a critical factor to find support for the energy equivalence rule at the scale of a single community.
There’s a strong link between the production of biofuels and energy crops. The first of these activities may contribute to the appearance of new products in agriculture, besides giving a boost to activities such as provision of services and aiding in the diversification of economic activities in rural areas. Farmers’ final decision to include energy crops into or exclude them from their productive alternatives depends on various factors of a different nature (political, legal, technical, economic or socio-cultural). This paper analyzes the socio-economic aspects related to the introduction of oil-seeds (sunflower and rape seed) as energy crops in one of the most important agricultural regions in Spain (Castile and Leon). Thus, using RRA (Rural Rapid Appraisal) and the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA), the study provides an evaluation of the main economic accounts of these crops and an idea of their profitability, impact on the level of employment and environmental consequences.
The nations need more and more energy to achieve their main objectives, launching the economic growth, or at least maintaining it. There is a relationship characterized by an inverted U-shaped curve between the emissions of pollutants (some local contaminants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, heavy metals) per capita and GDP per capita distribution. We selected nine observation variables and twenty-seven observation units. Each observation units are OECD member states. It is expected to be confirmed that between the values of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and gross domestic product growth there is a statistically significant relationship. The so called developed countries need more and more energy to produce their GDP (for example agricultural production) and because of this their CO2 emission increased in the observed period of time. The strongest relationship of the whole analysis is between the observation units, energy consumption and CO2 emission. Unfortunately we can state that if a country wants to raise its GDP-level this country will use more energy to achieve this goal. The source of the large part of extra energy will be fossil fuels because they are still the cheapest energy sources.
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