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Transmission of lymphatic filariasis is mediated through microfilariae (L1 stage of the parasite) which is encased in an eggshell called sheath. The sheath protein Shp-1 stabilizes the structure due to the unique repeat region with Met-Pro-Pro-Gln-Gly sequences. Microfilarial proteins could be used as transmission blocking vaccines. Since the repeat region of Shp-1 was predicted to carry putative B epitopes, this region was used to analyze its reactivity with clinical samples towards construction of peptide vaccine. In silico analysis of Shp-1 showed the presence of B epitopes in the region 49–107. The polypeptide epitopic region Shp-149–107 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Antibody reactivity of the Shp-149–107 construct was evaluated in filarial endemic population by ELISA. Putatively immune endemic normals (EN) showed significantly high reactivity (P < 0.05) when compared to all the other categories. Antibody reactivity of Shp-1 repeat region was similar to that of whole protein proving that this region carries B epitopes responsible for its humoral response in humans. Thus this can be employed for inducing anti-microfilarial immunity in the infected population that may lead to reduction in transmission intensity and also it could be used along with other epitopes from different stages of the parasite in order to manage the disease effectively.
As European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) in SW Spain face high prédation pressure, some antipredator tactics are expected. We examined rabbit group size in relation to the safety of the cover (sparse or dense), and the proximity to shrub cover. Stem density influenced the distance rabbits ventured from shrub; rabbits ventured greater distances when stem density in cover was higher. Rabbit group size was related to the distance to cover; solitary animals remained closer to protective cover, whereas rabbits in groups (> 3 animals) foraged further from cover. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the formation of rabbit groups is related to defense against prédation, and that group size is influenced by risk of perception.
Background. The Izmir nase, Chondrostoma holmwoodii (Boulenger, 1896), an endemic species for the inland waters of Turkey, is in the category of DD “Data Deficient” in the list of IUCN Red Data Book. There are insufficient data on the biological characteristics of the species in the literature. The aim of this study was to obtain the growth characteristics of Izmir nase population from Western Anatolia and compare them with the previous data reported in literature. Materials and Methods. Biological features of Izmir nase were examined based on a total of 1208 specimens collected from Tahtalı Dam Lake during the period May 2006–April 2007. Age of fish was determined by reading scales. Length–weight relation and the von Bertalanffy equation were used to evaluate the fish growth. Results. Scales reading indicated the presence of 5 age classes. The computed growth parameters were: L∞ = 29.19 cm, k = 0.177 · year–1 and t0 = –3.258 year–1 for both sexes. The length-weight relations were estimated as W = 0.019 L2.97, W = 0.012 L3.11 and W = 0.011 L3.13 for females, males, and both sexes combined, respectively. Conclusion. The Izmir nase from Tahtalı Dam Lake was characterized by linear growth and it was observed that the fish grew faster during the first two years. Many endemic fish species in inland waters of Turkey are under the threat of extinction due to human activities (pollution, drought, dam construction, habitat degradation, and overfishing) but the species is not threatened by these factors in the study area.
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