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Field experiment is one of elements in crop production research, which can support working hypothesis or is used for its verification. Depending on goal of research different kind of experiments can be used, from one - replication to multifactorial, long - term experiments. Main goal of a research is learning of interaction mechanism between physiological and environmental factors and its effect on yield quantity and quality. Methods of experiments in particular field of crop production has its own specificity. Development of science and technics create, new tools, used in research process. The results of experiments are the basis for practical recommendations, although it brings difficulty from time to time.
A field experiment is a basic tool in plant protection research as well as in other agricultural disciplines. Any field experiment in plant protection should fulfill basic requirements of ..good experimental prac­tice" but in addition also standards elaboratored by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and/or European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Until 1995 EPPO elaboratored one general and over 180 stan­dards/guidelines referring to multi-approach evaluation of plant protec­tion products. These EPPO standards/guidelines are briefly characterized.
In the agricultural research various problems exist and there is a great deal of means of their solving. Although the field experiment is an essential element of agricultural research allowing to solve both theo­retical and practical problems, reduction of the number of experiments as well as the expansion of science and technology brought about changes of the manner of research and of the methods of analysis and synthesis. Therefore, on the one hand the integration of research and its comple­mentation can be observed, on the other the substitution of one means and experimental processes for another is occuring.
The main problem of agrophysical metrology in field experiment is the development of monitoring systems of physical parameters, charac­terizing soil, canopy and agroclimatological factors. The monitoring sys­tems give us a possibility of describing and analyzing spatial and time variability of physical parameters determining the plant growth condi­tions. The main feature of the measuring detectors is the device, which makes it possible to transform any measured physical value into electri­cal signal. This signal can be easily sent, transformed and recorded. The analog electrical value is most frequently transformed into the digital form and can be easily sent, transformed and recorded in the computer memory. In the Institute of Agrophysics the method and equipment has been elaborated for soil water content measurement using time domain reflectometry (TDR). This method is based on the measurement of the velocity of electromagnetic pulse propagation in the investigated medium. The elaborated device enables the measurement of the moisture, electrical bulk conductivity and temperature simultaneously. The knowledge of bulk electrical conductivity and electrical permitivity makes it possible to determine soil salinity by calculation of salinity index value. The labora­tory version of the reflectometric meter of soil water content, additio­nally equipped with the detectors for the measurement the soil water potential enables to determine the soil water retention curve and the water transport characteristics in the soil. These soil characteristics are the parameters used in the models describing water, salt and heat move­ment in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Thermal images technology can be used for the investigations of plant water stress and for the actual evapotranspiration estimation.
The paper presents the methodology of experimental research described on the basis of KBN grants realized in 1992-1996. Biometrical topics from theese grants are contained in the following four fundamental problems: 1. Planning and analysis of one- and two-factor experiments carried out in incomplete designs. 2. Methods for the analysis of individual genetic and breeding experiments. 3. Methods for the analysis of series of variety trials and plant genetic or breeding experiments. 4. Methodology of experimental research applied to the results of DUS trials, plant protection and in legume breeding.
The paper presents the ability of the WOFOST model to estimate and forecast yields of winter wheat on field scales. This model is chosen because it is the most widely tested in Europe. The WOFOST is run using daily weather data for potential and water-limited productions. Yields predicted by the model were compared with experimental yields. Results indicated that the relative root mean square errors of yield forecasts and predictions ranged from 9% to 24%. The predicted mean water-limited yields and above-ground dry matter accounted for 46 to 54 % variability of mean regional yields in Poland. The predicted mean potential yields and water-limited yields for two soils with different available water content (140 mm and 210 mm) were presented.
At the end of XX century a new generation of miniaturized portable equipment for measuremend of gas exchange, absorption of phytosyn- thetically active radiation (PAR), spectral composition of solar irradiation and for leaf area index in plant canopy was developed. In this work there are presented of above mentioned equipment for measurement of: - parameters of gas exchange in the canopy; - plant morphology and canopy structure; - balance of phytosynthetically active radiation and spectral composi­tion of the light in the canopy. Results of these measurements will allow for better use of agriculturai technics and cultivars to create spatial structure of a canopy and bet­ter use of atmospheric CO₂ and solar irradiation in forming of economi­cal yield. Additionally they can be a base for building of simulations models of plant growth and development under changing environmental conditions.
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