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Two approaches are proposed for developing adapted metrics, proposing realistic and sustainable ecologic objectives, and suggesting a management strategy for stream rehabilitation. The first approach implemented a harmonization system of French standardized biotic indices. The second one was based on the development of functional traits (FTrs), which were defined by oligochaete assemblages inhabiting coarse surface sediments and the hyporheic system. The harmonization system allowed to define a weighted general ecological quality. The FTrs characterized an ecological potential (EP) resulting from interactions between physical factors (dynamics of hydrologic exchanges between surface water and groundwater) and chemical factors. An example of using both approaches at the same urbanized site is presented and serves for planning of rehabilitation activities. The benefits, drawbacks and progress of both approaches are discussed.
Although diversity-ecosystem theory predicts that ecosystem functioning is strongly determined by species number, species traits play an important role in regulating ecosystem-level dynamics. We analyze responses of species attributes to diversity level and resource availability, and explore their consequences for ecosystem functioning and ultimately assess the contributions of five traits (vegetative plant height, clonal growth, root depth, cespitose habit and seed mass) to ecosystem functioning defined by spatial stability of community biomass. We found that functional traits disproportionately affected spatial stability. Relationships between species functional traits and spatial stability of community biomass indicated that diversity of vegetative plant height facilitated stability of a nitrogen fertilized undisturbed natural community (NAT), and that of a phosphorus fertilized forb, legume and bunchgrass community (FLB). The clonal growth form was also identified as a stabilizing trigger for a unfertilized undisturbed natural community (NAT), whereas diversity in root depth, cespitose habit and seed mass were related to destabilization of a nitrogen fertilized rhizomatous grass community (RRR). Studies quantifying interactions among plant traits, community structure and ecological functioning will contribute much more to understanding of the effects of the ecological behavior of specific traits on the ecosystem functioning.
The relative effect of physical disturbance, isolation and key macrozoobenthic species on community development and sedimentation processes were studied in an in situ factorial field mesocosm experiment in the northern Baltic Sea. Differences in abundance and biomass structure of recolonising invertebrates were due to exposure and isolation. The initial invertebrate communities had a negligible effect on the final communities. However, the organic matter content of the sediment in isolated cages increased with the initial number of invertebrate species. The main conclusion of the study: physically driven fluxes override the effects of biological interactions in shallow water systems of the northern Baltic Sea.
The Macroregion of the Mazurian Lake District and the adjoining mesoregion of the Sępopol Plain were formed during Baltic glaciation and in the post-glacial period. The existing habitat differentiation, especially large variations in the soil cover, is divided into three distinct landscape zones. The northern areas of the district are typical heavy and very heavy soils, composed of tight clays and loams, represented by brown soils and black earths. They contribute to the ecosystem stability. Hydrogenic soils occupy only a small area. Agricultural production, when carried out correctly, should not threaten the habitat and should be in harmony with the area in question. The central, moraine area of the Mazurian Lake District, with unique natural qualities, is comprised of different soil forms and various soil covers. Brown and lessive soils are dominant among mineral soils. Deluvial soils are common, which is a warning sign on the danger of erosion. Contribution of hydrogenic soils is clearly seen. Protection of these soils, as well as re-naturalisation of the selected areas, is becoming vital. This area badly requires ecological farming. Light and very light soils, mainly rusty and podzo! soils, accompanied by large areas of sensitive for transformation hydrogenic, muck, and mucky soils occur in the southern part of the district, in the area of outwash plains. Outwash plains call for complex solutions to improve the quality of their mineral soils, as well as utilisation and protection of hydrogenic soils.
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