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Economics of oil pumpkin seed production

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Regulations of new CAP reforms moving from product to producer support and now to a more land based approach. This is in response to the challenges facing the sector, many of which are driven by factors that are external to agriculture. These have been identified as economic, environmental and territorial. To achieve these long-term goals, the existing CAP instruments had to be adapted. The reform therefore focused on the operational objectives of delivering more effective policy instruments, designed to improve the competitiveness of the agricultural sector and its sustainability over the long term. Accordingly there is a great need to restructure the formal crop rotation and to introduce new alternative crops as food industrial crops and vegetables. Both cases have high invested special asset and manual work requirement. This paper as a case study gives an analysis of oil pumpkin seed production, which serves as an example of economic and technological planning a formal crop production farm over 100 hectares. The new crop was introduced as a possibility to face with diversification under the new CAP regime of greening. The economic analysis covers five years of production and financial data on the basis of the given crop rotation.
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Subject and purpose of work: This work is devoted to presenting the development of the systemic paradigm in marketing science. Its purpose is to discuss the genesis and early stages of the development of systemic paradigm that forms the basis of one of its mainstream marketing theories, known as macromarketing. Materials and methods: The article was created on the basis of the review and synthesis of the previous studies devoted to the issue of systemic approach to marketing and marketing systems. The historical analysis method, combined with the synthesis of earlier research achievements, was employed. Results: The article fills a gap in the area of identifying alternative paradigms of marketing science. It demonstrates how the systemic approach proposed by the forerunners of marketing was developed into a concept which is now the foundation of one of contemporary marketing sub-disciplines - macromarketing. Conclusions: The main conclusion that follows from the conducted analysis is the observation that systemic paradigm is deeply ingrained in the tradition of marketing thought, creating a prominent direction of reflection which is more concerned with the environmental and social role of marketing than with marketing as a management function.
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Protoeconomics - elements of economics in antiquity

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Subject and purpose of work: The work presents the emergence and shaping of basic economic issues since the dawn of human economic activity. Contemporary views on important economic issues have their roots in antiquity. The shaping of concepts such as money, interest, contract, credit as a part of the law, began a long time ago and exerted an influence on the way they are understood today. Materials and methods: The basis for the considerations is the study of literature on the history of the development of economics and the science of management in economic, philosophical and ethical aspects. The work has shown the non-linear nature of the development of new phenomena emerging in volatile political, technical, religious and moral conditions, which are largely spontaneous, and a reciprocal overlap of various fields of knowledge in a general and individual sense. Particular discoverers were found to present a wide spectrum of interests. Results: Historically, the development of economic knowledge began with the issues from the border of economics and management, from microeconomics (household) to macroeconomics (money); little information concerns large undertakings such as irrigation systems, pyramids or waging wars. Conclusions: Generally speaking - monarchs’ edicts came before the deliberations of thinkers, concrete reasoning came before abstract considerations.
The basic assumption of the study was the existence – on a global scale – of the unequal distribution of the manufacturing factors created by the foreign direct investment. The attempt of careful examination and later presentation of the findings on the asymmetric character of the greenfield international economic initiatives configuration, in relation to various sectors and space, was assumed to be the main objective of the following study. Empirical analysis of the investment projects, completed between the years 2003-2012, with the use of the selected statistical methods and indicators (of variability, correlation, structure, dynamics and investment readiness of economy) were employed for the accomplishment of the task. The research appeared to prove the asymmetric distribution of the greenfield foreign investment, basically due to the structuralized changeability of the global economy. Generally, this asymmetry concerned the value of the investments, the number of projects under realization and their concentration in particular sectors of economy. Particularly clear disproportions were observed in the geographical structure, whereas the unit value of the realized projects could have been described as relatively proportional.
Hungarian fresh vegetables and fruit sector underwent three essential restructuralization processes in the last two decades. One of the important components of the process was the change in official regulation, within which change in food quality and safety regulation was decisive. Analysis of the traceability system of Hungarian fresh vegetables and fruit sector was carried out on the basis of the TCE theory. The research was built on three primary researches: interviews with experts in official organization and in retail chains, as well a questionnaire surveys of producers' cooperatives and larger-scale producers.
The state and dynamics of lease land relations as the most common manifestation of market relations in Ukraine are analyzed. Some aspects of theoretical foundations of these relations and their effectiveness are considered. The results of the comparative characteristics of land relations organization on the basis of private ownership of land and its lease are presented. The influence of the lease form of land relations on the effectiveness of agricultural enterprises functioning is shown. The basic features of modern land use on lease basis in the agrarian sector of Ukraine are pointed out. The results of the analysis of the international experience of the lease relations are provided. Steps as for the improvement of lease land relations aimed at increasing of their effectiveness are grounded.
Wymogi gospodarki rynkowej oraz aktualna sytuacja finansowa polskiego mleczarstwa czynią z analizy kasztów szczególnie ważny element w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem mleczarskim. W pracy poddano analizie koszty własne pięciu okręgowych spółdzielni mleczarskich; w pierwszym półroczu 1991r., w całym 1991r. oraz w pierwszym półroczu 1992r. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała duże zróżnicowanie między badanymi spółdzielniami zarówno w zakresie poziomu kosztów własnych, jak i ich struktury. W pierwszej poło­wie I992r. w porównaniu z 1991 r. zaobserwowano wzrost kosztów produkcji wszystkich wyrobów i we wszystkich badanych spółdziel­niach. Największy wzrost dotyczył kosztów surowca. Badania uwi­doczniły wpływ stopnia wykorzystania zdolności produkcyjnej na wspomniane zróżnicowanie kosztów.
Background. Poland is one of the largest common carp producers in the European Union. By 2006, the annual production of carp and other cyprinid fish species had reached around 17 000 t. The economic efficiency of pond farms is not only significant for the performance of Poland’s traditional carp market, but it also supports the non-productive environmental functions of earthen carp ponds. The objective of this study was to determine the costs and revenues of carp ponds, and to identify the key conditions for improving the profitability of carp farming in Poland. Materials and Methods. Data from 2005–2007 were collected through a survey of 18 carp farms keeping full accounting records of a total pond area of 17 302 ha, accounting for around 34% of the total in Poland. Data was both biological and economic. The former consisted of survival rate of different age groups of fish. The latter included farm revenues (sales of carp and other species, angling fees, and other income sources) and annual production costs. The cost was separated into two main parts, variable- and fixed costs. The income was determined by subtracting the annual total cost from the total revenue. The profitability was defined as the cost-to-income ratio. The results were compared with available economic indicators of carp production in Germany and Hungary in 1999–2002. Results. The proceeds from the sale of market-size carp had a predominant share of total revenues of the investigated farms. The variable cost consisted of labour (37%) and feed (20%), while the share of the remaining cost components did not exceed 10% of total expenses of fish farms. Only in 2007 was pond fish production profitable (merely 3.95%) while in 2005 and 2006, the total costs of the farms were higher than their revenues (on average –7.42% and –2.42%, respectively). The average survival rates of stocking carp in the studied farms, including fry between 0 and 2 years of age, were very low at 36% and 38%, respectively. The survival rates of market-size carp were much higher, on average 67%. Conclusion. The economic situation of Polish carp farms, within the studied time period, was difficult. The low survival rates of stocking carp seemed to be one of the main causes for the low return on carp production. This may be a compound effect not only of epizootic diseases but also of piscivorous animals and environmental restrictions imposed on carp ponds. Farmers could find it difficult to reconcile fish production with the pond environmental functions and the need to maintain a healthy profit margin without external financial support.
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