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Recently lack of sustainable management for the reservoir watershed becomes a predicament for the water issues in Taiwan. The study tried to recognize the framework of the sustainable management of the Taiwan reservoir watershed and its key factors by using the analytic hierarchy process and the Delphi method. Through the identification questionnaires and the CVM (contingent valuation method), it also discussed the gap of expert and public for the identification of satisfaction, environmental protection and the potential value for the recent reservoir watershed. However, the results showed that the “natural stability” is the significant factor in the first level and the “Nature resources conservation” and “Water storage amount” are the most important factors for the detailed level. In addition, the expert opinions were not proved by public identification, and the present governance budgets are too low to respond to the potential values of public expectancy.
Livestock sector forms an important livelihood activity for farmers, through supporting agriculture and supplementing income in India. The lack of availability of sufficient feed is one of the major limiting factors for better productivity of livestock. The feed are of two types as roughages (high in crude fibrous material) available at public forest, farm lands, etc. and concentrates (high in nutrients and mixture of oil, coarse grain, and cereals). The general degradation of forest reduces the fodder availability, severely. Therefore, improving forest condition may provide pathways for sustainability of both, livestock and forest. This may be addressed through sustainable forest management, which requires scientific inputs and may be shifting of some demand of locals to other resources. This requires huge amount from government. Presently, livestock sector is part of the Agriculture and Allied Activities sector in the accounting system of India, and therefore, all related shares and expenditure is part of the component. This results into under allocation for the actual shares of forestry contribution to livestock, in the Forestry and Logging sector. This occurs primarily, due to the lack of scientific information on the share and value of fodder from forest. This study has been undertaken to estimate the share and economic value of forests derived livestock feed. Primary data has been collected as per pretested questionnaire from 316 randomly selected households engaged in livestock rearing from 66 villages distributed across the Uttarakhand, India. Information pertaining to the fodder to livestock from all sources and socio-economic attributes were collected from each household to understand the feed consumption behavior of livestock. The feed sources were classified in forests, other than forests and market. The shares and economic value of livestock feed derived from different sources has been estimated for all livestock. The prices of various feeds were either collected directly from market or estimated through non market valuation techniques based on two scenarios (contingent valuation and ratio of dry and green matter basis of 0.40). The average proportion of feed quantity consumed by livestock was 58% from forests, 39% from other than forests and 3% from markets for hilly region. It was 97% from other than forests and 3% from markets for plain region. For hilly region, the proportion of economic value varies from 40– 41% for forest; 40– 41% for agriculture and 18– 20% from market. The total value of forest fodder was Rs 4811 millions in scenario 1 and Rs 5209 millions in scenario 2 for the Uttarakhand. The study concludes and recommends that these proportions may be utilized to allocate the appropriate share of livestock feed into Forestry and Logging sector, which may results into the realistic share of the sector.
In the upcoming years Hungarian agriculture faces new challenges due to the forthcoming liberalization of the land market. Hungary, similarly to most newly accessed EU member states, requested and received temporary suspension from opening the Hungarian land market to foreigners and business entities because it was considered important to give domestic private farms, which were not strong enough at that time, the chance of land purchase. This moratorium is drawing to a close now. Although – as it was expected – the price of Hungarian land gradually started to increase following the accession to the European Union, it is still below EU average, which can be a source of many serious problems. Based on this situation, the aim of this study is to highlight factors which might cause differences between land prices in Hungary and Western Europe. To do this, analyses are made on farm-level data from the Research Institute of Agricultural Economics (AKI), using the methodologies of partial yield factor calculation and the classical determination of land value.
On the base of contemporary stage of controlling utilization in business and based on analysis of theoretical and practical approaches we present chosen methods, models and techniques of business controlling. Our primary interest focuses not only on theoretical basis of solution but also on practical application under conditions of Slovak companies, during financial and economic crisis. EVA is both a measure of value and also a measure of performance. The value of a business depends on investor’s expectations about the future profits of the interprise. Stock prices track EVA far more closely than they track earnings per share or return on equity.
This paper proposes a metafrontier non-radial and non-oriental DEA to examine environmental efficiency in China. This approach takes the regional technology heterogeneity, non-radial slacks, and undesirable outputs into consideration simultaneously. The results show that undesirable output inefficiency largely contributes to environmental inefficiency. And under the metafrontier technology assumption, the technology gaps between three regions have been widened. Technology gap ratio, factor endowment level, and environmental governance capacity have a positive impact on TFEE, while industrial structure, foreign capital reliance, and energy consumption structure show the negative effect on it through two-stage regression analysis. This result suggests that emission reduction stress in China is greater than the energy savings stress in the future.
Scientific studies state that a considerable part of the economic value of crop plant production should be attributed to the free services of pollinating insects. Such calculations are available for several EU and North American countries, and the present paper evaluates the value of pollination services to 19 important Polish crop plants. It is estimated that the market value of 19 entomogamous crops reaches the sum of approx. 7.5 billion PLN (thousand million) (approx. 1.8 billion EUR), 39% of this may be attributed to the insect activities, the most important being bees (the service value of approx. 2.5 billion PLN/0.6 billion EUR) and dipterans (almost 0.3 billion PLN/ 74 billion EUR). The paper discusses also the challenges and pitfalls of similar estimations and the need for conservation actions directed on crop plant pollinators.
In 2005-2007, in the field experiment, the yield and quality of summer savory herb of Polish cultivar Saturn in organic farming were tested. The experiment was established on six organic farms and one conventional farm in different localities in Poland. The following features were evaluated: fresh and dried herb yield, stem fraction in herb, seed yield, weight of 1000 seeds, essential oil content, macro- and microelement content, nitrate content and microbiological purity. Only from Słońsk savory herb yield was higher compared with the yield from conventional cultivation though it contained high amount of stems. Organic savory herb was characterized by high content of essential oil and increased content of macro- and microelements. Evaluation of microbiological purity showed that herb contamination from both types of cultivation did not exceed standard for raw materials treated with hot water.
In 2005-2007, in a field experiment, the yield and quality of the thyme herb of the Polish cultivar Słoneczko in organic farming were tested. The experiment was established on six different organic farms and one conventional farm in Poland. The following features were evaluated: fresh and dried herb yield, stem fraction in herb, essential oil content, and microbiological purity. Only from one organic farm in Słońsk thyme herb yield was higher compared with the yield from conventional cultivation, although it contained a high amount of stems. Organic thyme herb was characterized by a high content of essential oil. Evaluation of microbiological purity showed that herb contamination from both types of cultivation did not exceed the standard for raw materials treated with hot water.
The effect or botanical composition of six spring grain (wheat, triticale) + legume (peas, vetch, and field peas) mixture, with variable contribution of legume plants (15 and 30%) on grain and seed yield and its amino acid composition, was studied in the years 1990-1992. A negative relationship between yielding of mixtures and actual contribution of legume plants, and a positive one, between contribution or legume plants to total yield and total protein content in the yield, were found. The highest yield was recorded for the mixture of wheat + vetch (5.67 ha^-1 ; with 1.24% vetch), and the lowest for the mixture of triticale + held peas (4.70 t ha^-1 ; with 5,95% field peas). Variable contribution or legume plants to the mixtures (15 and 30%) had no significant effect on grain and seed yield nor on protein yield. In contrast, the weather affected significantly grain and seed yield and protein yield of (he mixtures. The most favourable and the least favourable year was 1990 and 1992, respectively. The highest values of chemical score (CS) and exxential amino acid index (EAAI) were obtained for the mixtures of triticale + field peas. The protein of these mixtures was characterized by a high content of Lys, lie and Thr.
Obszary przyrodniczo cenne można utożsamić z obszarami cennymi ekologicznie. Stopień cenności ekologicznej proponuje się ocenić na podstawie trzech parametrów: formy użytkowania, zanieczyszczenia środowiska i stopnia zachowania jego naturalnych elementów. Cenność ekologiczna sama w sobie nie jest wartością. Dopiero w połączeniu z funkcją nieruchomości (pełnioną lub przeznaczoną jej w planie zagospodarowania przestrzennego) wpływa i generuje jej wartość.
W celu określenia ewentualnego wpływu różnych źródeł sterylizującej pręcikowie cytoplazmy na wartość gospodarczą mieszańców żyta porównano w doświadczeniu polowym 3 mieszańce trójliniowe (genotypy), z których każdy występował w 4 wersjach cytoplazmatycznych. W badaniach wykorzystano 4 źródła cytoplazmy: cms-P, cms-R, cms-S i cms-C. Doświadczenie, zakładane w układzie podbloków losowanych, wykonano w 6 środowiskach (3 lata, 2 miejscowości). Badane źródła cytoplazmy wywołującej męską sterylność nie powodowały zmian w wartości gospodarczej mieszańców. Wszystkie cytoplazmatyczne wersje mieszańców, niezależnie od genotypu charaktery­zowały się podobnym poziomem plonowania, podobnymi wskaźnikami wartości technologicznej oraz podobnym wykształceniem zdecydowanej większości innych badanych właściwości rolniczych. Mieszańce z cytoplazmą cms-P, w porównaniu z mieszańcami posiadającymi cytoplazmę cms-R, cms-S i cms-C, były wprawdzie niższe, zawiązywały mniej ziarniaków w kłosie i wytwarzały ziarno o większej gęstości, ale nie miało to żadnego praktycznego znaczenia, ponieważ różnice były bardzo małe. Wyniki badań świadczą, że wykorzystanie w hodowli odmian mieszańcowych żyta dziedzicz­nie odrębnych od Pampa (cms-P) źródeł sterylizującej cytoplazmy: cms-R, cms-S, cms-C lub podob­nych nie powinno spowodować obniżenia wartości gospodarczej mieszańców.
Na czternastu odmianach wiśni hodowli węgierskiej zgromadzonych w kolekcji ex situ Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach prowadzono w latach 1990-2008 obserwacje pomologiczne i wstępną waloryzację odmian pod względem wartości gospodarczej. Oceniano odmiany starsze i najnowszej selekcji na podstawie deskryptora UPOV. Oprócz typowych opisów pomologicznych, zwracano szczególną uwagę na masę owocu, zabarwienie skórki i kolor soku. Tam, gdzie było to możliwe wyciągano także wnioski dotyczące wartości gospodarczej odmiany i stosunków zapylenia kwiatów. Warto podkreślić, że wiśnie węgierskie ze względu na wysoką jakość owoców i wyjątkową smakowitość miąższu są uważane za jedne z wartościowszych odmian uprawnych tego gatunku. Nadają się one do produkcji towarowej i jako cenny materiał wyjściowy do dalszej hodowli twórczej nowych odmian wiśni.
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