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The ecohydrological approach can be applied to reconstructed wetlands where an appropriate vegetation design is needed in order to optimise hydraulic behaviour, water quality improvement and biodiversity increase. The purpose of this study is to examine the hydraulic effects of different development stages of vegetation in a demonstrative reconstructed wetland in Italy characterised by a central canal and two vegetated lateral shallow zones. Tracer tests were carried out in different vegetation conditions. The residence time distributions were analysed using several parameters. As expected, the results show that with more developed vegetation the hydraulic dead zones increase. On the other hand, a moderate increase of vegetation density doesn’t hinder the flow, but rather increases dispersion number. A proper design has to avoid hydraulic short circuiting and provide a good distribution of the flow especially in the vegetated zones.
Ecohydrology presumes that physical external variables have a major influence on the biological components of an ecosystem and vice versa. The relationships between physical factors and biological components may be useful tools in environmental management. It requires, however, that these relationships are known quantitatively. It is only possible through the development of a proper model for the ecosystem, because of the high complexity of the ecological network involved. A "proper model" is a model that can account for changes in species composition and adaptation, when the prevailing conditions are changed, i.e., a structurally dynamic model. The paper presents a model, that shows how a change from a constant out-flow rate from a reservoir to an out-flow rate that is purposely higher at the time of spring and summer bloom and at the time of spawning for planktivorous fish, is able to reduce the eutrophication level. The model presented in this paper considers only the phosphorus cycle, because phosphorus is presumed to be the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Two more ecohydrological examples that could be used quantitatively by use of a proper model are mentioned. The conclusion is, that ecohydrology offers possible and appropriate environmental management solutions but that a proper model for the considered cases is required to utilise ecohydrological possibilities quantitatively.
In this paper a review of the lessons learned in the past phase of the ecohydrology project are presented from the hydrologist’s (environmental engineer’s) points of view. The authors believe that so far the ecohydrological programme remained mostly an aquatic-ecological one, without making much use of hydrological and environmental engineering knowledge, which would be required to end up with really working ecohydrological planning tools for the integrated management of water resources. The objective of the paper is to launch, provoke debates and discussions, with the special regard to drawing up the tasks of the next phase of the ecohydrological programme. The basic questions are: what is the role of hydrologists in ecohydrology and how to bridge the still existing gaps of the approaches of ecologists and hydrologists? The ways and means of solving this problem are discussed down to some of the very details of quantifying processes, such as retention rates of nutrients or the forecasting of the ecological (eutrophication) state of standing waters. The paper ends with a list of tasks offered for the next period of the ecohydrological programme.
Land-inland water ecotones are environments of exceptional diversity, but are also highly vulnerable to impacts from human settlement. Settlement on floodplains and exacerbation of peak runoff from land-use changes have resulted in flood damage to human structures, leading in reaction to widespread efforts to control flooding through such measures as land drainage and construction of levees and artificial flood control channels. These measures increase flood hazard downstream and result in loss of valuable riparian and aquatic habitats. Similarly, human settlements along river banks may be threatened by natural channel migration, leading to ill-conceived bank stabilization projects, which eliminate riparian habitat. Environmental planning strategies to minimize these impacts include reducing stormwater runoff through use of permeable pavement, infiltration galleries, and detention basins; ordinances protecting urban streams and riparian corridors (from development, filling, etc.); prohibitions or restrictions on development on floodplains; retention of vegetative buffer strips along stream channels; maintenance of continuity of riparian corridors for wildlife and human use; use of alternatives to traditional flood control strategies; and release of flushing flows to mimic effects of natural floods below reservoirs.
This paper reviews contemporary practice in regional sediment management, with respect to rehabilitation design. Historically, these issues were rarely addressed effectively leading to many project failures. Recently, however, there has been an increased consideration of regional sediment issues. This movement has been complemented by the development of an increasing number of design approaches that include sediment continuity as an integral part of their design procedure. Of paramount importance is that we learn from these experiences through the undertaking and dissemination of Post-Project Appraisals. The development of a standardised geomorphic Post-Project Appraisal Procedure (PPA) has thus been furthered to focus specifically on regional sediment issues. The refinement and testing of all these techniques is essential for enhancing future design practice.
The aim of the study was to test the efficiency of aquatic vegetation to assimilate heavy metals and allow biological epuration in a stormwater basin. Through a periodical collection of water, sediments and macrophytes, a decrease of heavy metals concentrations was investigated from the inlet to the outlet of the basin. No evidence of metal reduction was noticed in the waters due to a general low level of heavy metals. However, accumulation of metals is greater in the sediments and decrease from the inlet to the outlet (47% reduction for Cd, 30% reduction for Pb, 75% reduction for Zn). Some specific organs of macrophytes accumulate heavy metals in various concentrations : Elodea canadensis (all organs merged) and crowns of Glyceria maxima, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Scirpus lacustris, Typha latifolia contain the highest concentrations in Cd, Pb and Zn.
Asian countries have broad extremes of development stages, some are technologically very advanced, on the other extreme are people that are dependent to traditional village practices. Rapid population growth in the past three decades have put great stress to the environment mainly due to a greedy natural resources exploitation. In that period traditional wisdom, knowledge, and taboo are being put behind and got a negative signature especially from the group who claimed themselves as modern people. This paper try to dig into several examples of good traditional practices in Indonesia that has its deep root in a sustainable humanistic environmental management. The 21st century have not only introduce modern mankind practice in the changing face of Asia but have also caused huge environmental degradation along its way of transformation, This paper urge the introduction of ecohydrology principles into Asia countries by bridging a combination approach between traditional knowledge and wisdom that has its deep roots in people daily life with the modern practice learned from modern European experiences.
The significance of solid waste management in ecohydrology research is obvious given the potential threat that solid waste poses on the intrinsic services of water purification, particularly in areas of high temperatures and precipitation levels. Improper waste disposal systems have adverse repercussions on environmental sanitation and impede water quality management efforts. The potential risk to water and soil pollution is surmountable in the areas where waste collection and disposal efforts are constrained. We used a GIS based meso-scale approach to identify solid waste ecological hot spots. Results indicate that solid waste hot spots are characterised by poor solid waste management, high temperatures, and high rainfall and are likely to compromise the ecohydrological processes of both surface and underground water systems. The most affected river basins are found in south and north-western parts of Ethiopia. Climate change is likely to worsen the situation in the areas where precipitation and temperature levels are expected to rise. We recommend that ecohydrologists prioritize such areas for improved water resource management.
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