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Earthworms are creatures living in different kind of soils. Scientific interest in earthworms is on the rise. In the world the subject of the earthworm is not only a theoretical one. Several big companies in the United States, Canada and Europe have seriously begun sampling institutional and municipal organics as feedstocks for earthworms. Small scale vermiculture - "worm bins" has entered the American schools. The school children actively participate in constructing the bins, preparing the bedding, and introducing the residues to the worm bins. They become to know earthworms better. In Polish schools children need ecological education too. The fantastic idea of worm bins, useful for solving some ecological problems, should be introduced into the school program on different levels of education. Possibilities of the use of earthworms as an object for ecological education are numerous. Experiments on "seeding" earthworms -in the fields if necessary to replace a significant portion of the fertilizer applied, or to reduce compaction and perhaps the number of cultivations necessary, seem to be economically and ecologically justifiable too.
The introduction of market economy in Poland resulted in emerging of many private companies which, as a result of ever increasing competition, flooded almost every field of the market, including the production of vermicompost. The companies dealing with vermiculture concentrated their activity on an extremely narrow and specialized part of the market and, therefore, their functioning included an element of a high risk. The source of knowledge and practical experience that makes solving problems of vermicompost producers possible is marketing, the rules of which are becoming known more and more commonly to the owners of small companies.
The purpose of the investigations was to determine the acute toxicity of some plant protection products for earthworms. The methodical bases of the studies were OECD Guideline No 207 and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). The test species was Eisenia fetida (Sav.). The tested preparations were introduced into artificial soil in concentrations of 62.5; 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹ dry matter of soil. The test duration was 14 days. The animals were weighed following that time and alive animals were counted and observed. Taking into account the obtained results, the values of toxicity of pesticides: LC₀ (the highest concentration of the test substance causing no mortality of a population of earthworms under the conditions of the test), LC₅₀ (the concentration of the test substance that is expected to results in mortality of 50% of a population of earthworms under the conditions of the test) and LC₁₀₀ (the lowest concentration of the test substance causing 100% of mortality of a population of earthworms under the conditions of the test), were determined. It was found that influence of tested plant protection products on earthworms was diversified.
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In vitro techniques are require to better understand coelomocytes - mediated immune responsed. The main obstacle in the long-term cultures of coelomocytes is the contamination with bacteria and fungi from earthworms exterior and coelomic cavity. To avoid this, coelomocytes are retrieved through a small incision in the body wall from earthworms maintained at 10°C for at least 2 weeks. Culture medium is supplemented with 1% streptomycin/penicylin (Sigma) and 0.001% thiomersal (Merck). Freshly retrieved coelomocytes of Dendrobaena veneta contain granular and non-granular cells in the proportion close to 1 : 1 while in our four-month in vitro culture granular cells predominate.
The aim of the research was to check the Eisenia fetida earthworm capability to inhabit a habitat of pure cellulose and to check the influence of such conditions on the earthworm biomass and survival rate. The observations were in progress for 7 months, in vases of one liter capacity filled with grained cellulose of 70% humidity. The content of each vase was systematically watered, and 4.5 g of sugar was added four times to half of the vases. Mature specimens of Eisenia fetida of known biomasses were used in the experiment. They were weighed and their survival rate and ability to maintain the signs of maturity were checked. It was noticed that the medium of pure cellulose secured the survival rate of all the observed specimens of Eisenia fetida. The average sum of biomass of the observed populations fluctuated but at the end of the research it was the same as at the beginning as far as the containers with pure cellulose are concerned. The addition of sugar increased the average sum of biomass. The earthworms did not reproduce (laid single cocoons) but a positive effect of sugar addition on their capability to reproduce was noticed. None of the earthworms fed with sugar lost its signs of maturity while in the containers with no sugar added 20% of the specimens were found immature at the end of the research.
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