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Effect of visible light on the process of accelerated oxidation of dye contained in red paprika powder. The effect of temperature and visible light intensity on changes in ground paprika colour was investigated. In determination of changes in colour parameters there were used the colour space L*. a*, b*, the total colour change TCD and sample whiteness index WI. Investigations were carried out at three lighting intensity levels of D65 light (6000, 4500, 0 lx) at storage temperature (30º, 40º, 50ºC). The DOE model for investigation planning included in Statistica Program was used in investigations. The validation investigations were carried out to verify the model. Colour changes in the investigated samples were connected, first of all, with their lighting intensity and less so with storage temperature. A two-stage process of colour changes in the samples illuminated with the light of intensity 6000 lx was found. The carried out investigations can be used in predicting the time of changes in colour parameters of ground paprika exposed to intense radiation in the range of visible light.
The examined H2O2/Fe0 process was found to be very efficient for discoloration of simulated wastewater containing 100 mg/dm3 commercial azo dye Acid Red 18. The optimal doses of H2O2 and Fe0 were 60 and 50 mg/dm3, respectively at pH 3 and 15 minutes reaction time. Under the described conditions total visual discoloration was achieved. A very important factor was reaction time. Generally, the smaller dose of iron powder, the greater reaction time needed for visual discoloration. A strict linear correlation was observed between Fe0 amount in the range of 10–600 mg/dm3 and final pH. This suggests that the H2O2/Fe0 process has undoubted advantages in comparison with the classical Fenton reaction, because using excessive amounts of the iron powder could reach higher final pH in the H2O2/Fe0 process. Thus, smaller doses of base will be required for final neutralization of wastewater. It was also found that the dissolution time of iron powder at acidic conditions (before H2O2 was added) is an important parameter that influences the rate of discoloration. As the time of iron powder dissolution increases, the time needed for visual discoloration decreases.
The self-assembling tendency and protein complexation capability of dyes related to Congo red and also some dyes of different structure were compared to explain the mechanism of Congo red binding and the reason for its specific affinity for /3-struc- ture. Complexation with proteins was measured directly and expressed as the num­ber of dye molecules bound to heat-aggregated IgG and to two light chains with dif­ferent structural stability. Binding of dyes to rabbit antibodies was measured indi­rectly as the enhancement effect of the dye on immune complex formation. Self-as­sembling was tested using dynamic light scattering to measure the size of the supra- molecular assemblies. In general the results show that the supramolecular form of a dye is the main factor determining its complexation capability. Dyes that in their compact supramolecular organization are ribbon-shaped may adhere to polypeptides of /3-conformation due to the architectural compatibility in this unique structural form. The optimal fit in complexation seems to depend on two contradictory factors involving, on the one hand, the compactness of the non-covalently stabilized supra- molecular ligand, and the dynamic character producing its plasticity on the other. As a result, the highest protein binding capability is shown by dyes with a moderate self-assembling tendency, while those arranging into either very rigid or very unsta­ble supramolecular entities are less able to bind.
The aim of the present work was to recognize the reasons for differences in the photodynamic action of dyes against various bacterial strains. It is expected that a better understanding of this problem may help in design of new photosen-sitizers. The sensitivity of 6 various bacterial strains to the photodynamic action of 5 photosensitizers was determined. The hydrophobicity of cell surface and susceptibility of bacteria to the natural defense mechanism of human serum, were estimated. The differences in the photodynamic efficiency of dyes could be contributed to various affinities of cell membrane to dyes, to known details of membrane architecture as well as to different mechanisms of photosensitization.
Dyestuff production units and dyeing units have always had a pressing need for techniques that allow economical pre-treatment for colour in the effluent. The effectiveness of adsorption for dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. Removal of direct dyes [direct yellow 50 (DY50), direct red 80 (DR80) and direct blue 71(DB71)] from an aqueous solution by different adsorbents such as activated carbon, raw kaolinite and montmorillonite was investigated. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir isotherm have been determined using the adsorption data. Adsorption capacity of RAC (commercial activated carbon), HAC (activated carbon obtained from shell of hazelnut), KC ( raw kaolinite) and MC (montmorillonite) increased in the following order: DY50 > DR80 > DB71, DB71>DR80>DY50, DR80>DB71>DY50 and DB71>DR80 (DY50 showed no absorption) for the direct dyes, respectively.
Adsorption of reactive dyes and surfactants onto chitin from mixtures containing surfactants at constant concentration and dyes at variable concentration was investigated in the present study. Two vinylsulfonate dyes (Scarlet R, Brillantorange 3R); chlorotriazine dye (Black DN); anionic (Borutosol KRN, Siarczanol N-2) and non-ionic (Rokafenol N-8) surfactants were tested. The experiments were carried out without and with pH adjustment. The research have proved that at pH 6.2 and in surfactants presence the adsorption of vinyl-sulfonate dyes onto chitin was lower than without surfactants (control sample). It was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity of chitin in mixtures of Scarlet R and surfactants was about 3-fold lower than without surfactants and in mixtures of Brillantorange 3R and surfactants was from 2.5 to 4.1-fold lower than in control sample. At pH 3.0 the differences between maximum adsorption capacity of chitin for dyes from aqueous solutions and containing surfactants ranged from 2% (in mixture of Brillantorange 3R and Borutosol KRN) to 23% (in mixture of Scarlet R and Siarczanol N-2). The maximum adsorption capacity of chitin for Black DN (chlorotriazyne dye) in surfactants presence (from 140 to 290 mg/dm3 ) was higher at pH 6.2 as well as at pH 3.0 in comparison to control sample. Rokafenol N-8 was adsorbed the weakest onto chitin from among tested surfactants. At pH 3.0 for vinyl-sulfonate dyes the relationships between mass proportion of dye and surfactant adsorbed onto chitin (Qdye/QSAA* ) and initial concentration proportion of dye and surfactant in solution (Cdye/CSAA) was nearly linear. This indicates that dyes competed with surfactants of active sites of chitin. SAA* – Surface Active Agent (s)
Annexin VI (AnxVI) from porcine liver, a member of the annexin family of Ca2+- and membrane-binding proteins, has been shown to bind ATP in vitro with a Kd in the low micromolar concentration range. However, this protein does not contain within its primary structure any ATP-binding consensus motifs found in other nucleotide-binding proteins. In addition, binding of ATP to AnxVI resulted in modulation of AnxVI function, which was accompanied by changes in AnxVI affinity to Ca2+ in the presence of ATP. Using limited proteolytic digestion, purification of protein fragments by affinity chromatography on ATP-agarose, and direct sequencing, the ATP-binding site of AnxVI was located in a C-terminal half of the AnxVI molecule. To further study AnxVI-nucleotide interaction we have employed a functional nucleotide analog, Cibacron blue 3GA (CB3GA), a triazine dye which is commonly used to purify multiple ATP-binding proteins and has been described to modulate their activities. We have observed that AnxVI binds to CB3GA immobilized on agarose in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Binding is reversed by EGTA and by ATP and, to a lower extent, by other adenine nucleotides. CB3GA binds to AnxVI also in solution, evoking reversible aggregation of protein molecules, which resembles self-association of AnxVI molecules either in solution or on a membrane surface. Our observations support earlier findings that AnxVI is an ATP-binding protein.
The kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption of disperse yellow (DY42) by bentonite and organomodified-bentonite was studied. The organo-modified bentonite was synthesized by bentonite and tetra butyl ammonium iodide (B/TBAI). The B/TBAI was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and elemental analysis. The adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence dye uptake by the adsorbents, such as the contact time under agitation, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and pH. The experimental results show that the percentage of dye removal increases with the increasing the amount of sorbent. Adsorption was pH-dependent. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the equilibrium adsorption was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The experimental data fitted very well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic study of the adsorption process showed that the adsorption of DY42 onto B-TBAI adsorbent was carried out spontaneously and the process was endothermic in nature.
Process conditions (dye concentration, pH and oxidant dose) were optimized for UV, O₃, H₂O₂/UV, O₃/UV, H₂O₂/O₃, and H₂O₂/O₃/UV to treat Red Cl-5B dye of varying concentrations (100, 300, and 500 mg/L). Ozonation resulted in color removal of more than 90%, whereas H₂O₂/O3 showed no advantage over the O₃ alone. However, H₂O₂/UV was found to be very suitable as it gave almost 100% decolorization in a relatively short reaction time. Decolorization rate for all processes was reduced to half when the dye concentration was increased from 100 to 300 mg/l. Comparative study of rate constants revealed that H₂O₂/UV is four times faster than that of UV alone. On the other hand O₃/H₂O₂ is three to four times slower than O₃ alone.
We examined the characteristics of fluorescent powder as dye in bait for the purpose of studying individual foraging areas of the root vole Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776). Colours were visible in the faeces 2-3 h after consumption, and were still evident 36-48 h after the removal of bait. It was possible to distinguish up to four different colours in faeces from one individual if the appropriate combination of coloured powder was used. The method is a better alternative to other markers commonly used in bait because only a small extra sampling effort is needed during trapping, and the observation of colours is relatively easy in UV-light. Because the persistance of the colour powder in the animal is relatively short, the method facilitates studies of short-term changes in foraging areas.
There is a great variety of techniques for complete neurone visualization currently available. Each of them has some advantages and disadvantages. The selection one of them depends upon the requirements of the situation. One of the most useful techniques for observing individual neurones has been the Golgi method with its variations. This method has been extended from the light microscopic to the ultrastructural level. The correlation of neural structure and function was advanced with the technique of intracellular injection of the fluorescent dyes. Investigations of the cross-correlations between morphology, electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry of neurones have significantly advanced current knowledge of the complex organization of at least some parts of the nervous system. Some crucial parameters including the selection of the dyes, the injection technique and tissue processing as well as the appropriate immunohistochemical fluorescent markers are discussed. Cell reconstruction techniques also are mentioned.
Studies on new antibacterial therapeutics and strategies are currently being conducted in many microbiological, pharmaceutical and biochemical laboratories. The antibacterial activity of plant-derived compounds as well as silver and gold nanoparticles is the subject of this minireview. The application of photodynamic therapy is also discussed.
The effect of chitin preparation with HCl (chitin A) and with HCl and KOH (chitin B) and pH on the adsorption of reactive dyes (helactine, polactine and remazol) on chitin was investigated. The double Lang- muir equation was appropriate to analyze the dependence between amount of the adsorbed dye on chitin (Q) and its equilibrium concentration (C). It indicated the presence of two types of active sites which differed in both the maximum adsorption capacity (b) and adsorption affinity (K). Based on the dimensionless separa­tion factor R it was found that the dye adsorption mechanism in type I sites was an ion exchange, whereas in the case of type II sites it was a physical adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the chitin A (deacetylation degree of 3%) for samples without pH adjustment ranged from 29 (Red D-8B) to 67 mg/g dry weight of chitin (Gelb GR). At pH 3.0 the adsorption capacity was higher from 1.9 to 2.3-fold. The most favourable effect of pH change was found for helactine dyes. The adsorption capacity of the chitin B (deacetylation degree of 5%) was from 66 (Brillantorange 3R) to 101 mg/g dry weight of chitin (Gelb GR). After pH adjustment to pH 3.0 the adsorption capacity ranged from 160 (Ruby F-2B) to 294 mg/g dry weight of chitin (Blau 3R). The most favourable effect of deacety- lation degree increase was found in the case of helactine dyes in the samples without pH adjustment, and polactine and remazol dyes at pH 3.0.
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