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Instances of dwarfism in the fossil record are of interest to palaeontologists because they often provide insight into aspects of palaeoecology. Fossil species of Australian-Pacific mekosuchine genus Mekosuchus have been described as dwarf, primarily terrestrial crocodiles, in contrast with the nearly ubiquitous semi-aquatic habitus of extant crocodilians (Willis 1997). This hypothesis has been difficult to test because of limited knowledge of the cranial and postcranial skeleton of extinct taxa and the continuous nature of crocodilian growth. New crocodilian vertebral material from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, tentatively referred to Mekosuchus whitehunterensis, displays morphological maturity indicative of adult snout-vent length little over a half-meter, proportionally smaller than extant dwarf taxa. Further, this material displays morphology that indicates a relatively large epaxial neck musculature for its body-size. These attributes suggest this dwarf mekosuchine employed unusual feeding behaviours. The ability to perform normal death-roll, de-fleshing behaviours would be limited in a mekosuchine of such small size. Given the powerful neck muscles and other anatomical features, it is more likely that this mekosuchine killed and/or dismembered its prey using a relatively forceful lifting and shaking of the head.
The phylogenetic relationships of the Paleocene crocodylian Akanthosuchus langstoni are assessed using published data matrices and morphological data from the holotype and referred specimens. Cladistic analyses indicate that Akanthosuchus is unequivocally nested within Alligatoroidea. Weak support from a majority rule consensus tree indicates that Akanthosuchus may be more closely allied with alligatorines than with caimanines, but in the strict consensus tree these relationships remain ambiguous. There is no evidence from phylogenetic analyses to support the hypothesis that Akanthosuchus represents the postcrania of the Paleocene crocodylians Navajosuchus or Ceratosuchus. Growth marks observed in histological sections of osteoderms of the holotype of Akanthosuchus langstoni indicate that it was at least eight years old at the time of death. Although the individual may not have been fully mature at the time of death, lineage dwarfism cannot be ruled out as a possible reason for its relatively small size.
Treatment of diseased magnolia plants with oxytetracycline, baytril and tylan did not reduce the number of symptomatic plants. However, the sprays with antibiotics promoted the shoot growth, development of symptomless leaves and flower buds. The most efficient were baytril at the concentration of 500 ppm, tylan 200 ppm and oxytetracycline at the concentration of 500 or 1000 ppm. Lower concentrations of baytril and oxytetracycline were not so much effective; higher 'concentration of tylan decreased the magnolia shoot growth. The effect of antibiotics lasted one season. Ali the antibiotic treated and control plants, randomly sted by PCR-RFLP, showed the presence of A Y (16SrI) phytoplasma and some f them were affected with phytoplasma related with apple proliferation hytoplasma group (16SrX). The obtained results indicated that l) magnolia is a natural host plant of phytoplasmas belonging to aster yellows phytoplasma group d apple proliferation group and 2) they support the suggestion that phytoplasmas the casual agents of magnolia stunting disease.
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