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Wheat quality depends directly on the grain protein content and protein composition. High and low molecular weight glutenin subunits play an important role in determining the visco-elastic properties of gluten. In an attempt to improve the breadmaking quality of hexaploid triticale, a fragment of wheat chromosome 1D, containing the Glu-D1 allele encoding the 5+10 subunits, was translocated to the long arm of chromosome 1A by Lukaszewski and Curtis [1], The 1A.1D translocation chromosome was transferred to tetraploid wheat [2], making the Glu-D1 locus available for the improvement of durum wheat. The goal of this study was to evaluate using cytogenetics and molecular approaches the amount of chromatin introgressed in durum wheat. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with total genomic DNA (GISH) of Aegilops squarrosa L. indicated that the translocated chromosome 1A.1D had a terminal 1DL segment of about 35-40% of the recombinant arm length. Several pairs of microsatellite primers from chromosome 1A and 1D were used to genetically characterize the recombinant chromosome. The mapping data indicated that a 1AL segment, at least 150 cM long, was substituted by a 1DL segment with a minimal length of 72 cM, and that the translocation breakpoint was near the 1A centromeric region. The genetic and physical data highlight a substantial discrepancy between the recombinational and physical map distances. We are using a targeted strategy via the Ph pairing manipulation system to generate smali intercalary 1D chromosome segments in a durum wheat background.
This study defines several mycotoxin (Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1, Aflatoxin G2, Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, Toxin T-2, Toxin HT-2, Nivalenol, Fusarenon X, 3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol) contamination of winter common, durum, spelt and einkorn wheat genotypes. The compared species (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare, T. durum, T. aestivum ssp. spelta and T. monococcum) have different susceptibility to Fusarium and toxin accumulation. Durum wheat (cv. Komnata) was the most susceptible to contamination with mycotoxins. In durum grain the highest level of contamination was detected, especially with Deoxynivalenol (2–4 times over the allowed level for unprocessed grain). T. aestivum ssp. spelta (cv. Schwabenkorn) and T. monococcum (EN 5003) showed the lowest mycotoxin level. Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare (cv. Tonacja) was less contaminated with mycotoxins than Triticum durum but more than T. aestivum ssp. spelta and T. monococcum. Other mycotoxins in grain of the examined genotypes occurred in trace amounts.
In the study the effect of nitrogen fertilization of durum wheat on grain and flour properties was examined. Grain of four durum wheat varieties: ‘Durabon’, ‘Durabo- nus’, ‘Duraprimus’ and ‘Rusticano’ cultivated in the Swadzim at Experimental Station of Agricultural University of Poznań were investigated. Three different doses of nitrogen fertilization (50, 100 and 150 kg per hectare) were applied during plant growth. In addition, grain cultivated in the same conditions without any nitrogen fertilization was examined. The results indicate that nitrogen fertilization had a distinct effect on grain physical characteristics such as hardness and vitreousness. It also influenced protein and wet gluten content in flour. No significant effect on carotenoids content and colour of pasta dough was observed.
A set of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross between the cultivar Messapia of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) and the accession MG4343 of T. turgidum var. dicoccoides was analysed to increase the number of assigned markers and the resolution of the previously constructed genetic linkage map. An updated map of the durum wheat genome consisting of 458 loci was constructed. These loci include 261 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), 91 microsatellites (Simple Sequence Repeats, SSRs), 87 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), two ribosomal genes, and nine biochemical (seven seed storage proteins and two isozymes) and eight morphological markers. The loci were mapped on all 14 chromosomes of the A and B genomes, and covered a total distance of 3038.4 cM with an average distance of 6.7 cM between adjacent markers. The molecular markers were evenly distributed between the A and the B genomes (240 and 218 markers, respectively). An additional forty loci (8.8%) could not be assigned to a specific linkage group. A fraction (16.4%) of the markers significantly deviated from the expected Mendelian ratios; clusters of loci showing distorted segregation were found on the 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 4A, 7A and 7B chromosomes. The genetic lengths of the chromosomes range from 148.8 cM (chromosome 6B) to 318.0 cM (chromosome 2B) and approximately concur with their physical lengths. Chromosome 2B has the largest number of markers (47), while the chromosomes with the fewest markers are 3A and 6B (23). There are two gaps larger than 40 cM on chromosomes 2A and 3B. The durum wheat map was compared with the published maps of bread and durum wheats; the order of most common RFLP and SSR markers on the 14 chromosomes of the A and B genomes were nearly identical. A core-map can be extracted from the highdensity Messapia x dicoccoides map and a subset of uniformly distributed markers can be used to detect and map quantitative trait loci.
The objective of this study was to determine the abundance and species composition of thrips collected from ears of Triticum durum Desf. in relation to plant protection intensity. The experiment was set up at the Experimental Research Station of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, at Pawłowice (51°09’ N; 17°06’ E), Poland, in 2006-2008. It was conducted on durum wheat plants at three different levels of plant protection intensity and on common winter wheat plants. The samples of thrips were collected from the ears of the plants at the milk maturity stage of the grain. During three years of the research, eight species of thrips were identified from Triticum durum. Most often the eudominants were Haplothrips aculeatus, Limothrips cerealium and L. denticornis. We have demonstrated that there was no statistically significant effect of the plant protection intensity on the thrips abundance. The host species, on the other hand, did not affect the species composition of the studied insects.
One of the heavy metals immobilizing methods, apart from the conventional methods such as liming and organic fertilization, is the usage of unconventional binding agents. Modified alluminiumsilicates, such as Al-montmorillonite and Polynuclear aluminium form (Al₁₃⁷⁺) offer some promising results. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the influence of the used mineral sorbents: sodium silicate and modified aluminium silicates compounds on single fractions of cadmium and zinc content changes in the soil under heavy wheat. The experiment’s scheme included 18 scenarios (A) and two plant development stages (B) within two repetitions. Scenarios (A) of the experiment were created by the insertion of soluble zinc and cadmium salts, as well as the immobilising agents into the chosen pots. The Al₁₃ addition at the level I proved to be most effective in decreasing the contents of mobile cadmium forms in the soil environment. Whereas, the addition of Al₁₃ at the level II and Al-montmorillonite, instead of the expected cadmium immobilization, boosted the mobility of this element’s ions in the soil.
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