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Comparison of understory of stands disturbed by hurricane and managed ones allowed to distinguish two phases that include degenerative and regenerative changes. In the first phase, which lasted about 6 years, following processes were observed: chaotic changes in species composition, invasion of exogenous species, increase in cover of Deschampsia flexuosa and Vaccinium vitis−idaea, decrease in moss cover and Vaccinium myrtillus as well. In the second phase changes had opposite direction. Structure of ground flora typical to Scots pine forest was slowly developing. Increasing shade of forest floor, caused by growing shrub layer and regeneration of tree species, was a key factor of the regeneration process.
Spontaneous regeneration in the hurricane−disturbed stand in the Pisz Forest District (N Poland) was registered in the years 2007−2008 and 2011−2012. Breast height diameter and crown size were measured on 10×10 m plots. The analysis also included the soil respiration rate, the decomposition rate of organic matter, soil pH, leaf area index (LAI), content of Mg, Ca, C, N and P in soil, and vegetation coverage of the forest floor. The natural regeneration was dominated by birch, followed by pine, which recolonized the disturbed stand in smaller extend, possibly because of the thick cover of organic material hindering germination and making it difficult for pine sprouts to reach the mineral soil. Spontaneous regeneration of the stand was most severely inhibited by Deschampsia flexuosa, whose growth over the entire surface was linked to the capture of excess released nitrogen resulting from the decomposition of organic matter. Mosses and lingonberry did not delay the spontaneous appearance of seedlings. The development of the natural regeneration suggests the possibility that an uneven−aged stand will emerge.
Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods or fires become more and more common phenomena in Europe. In August 2017, strong wind accompanied by heavy thunderstorms caused severe damage over the large area in central and western Poland. According to rapid damage assessment prepared by the State Forests authorities a few days after the windthrow, ca 79.7 thousand hectares of forest was damaged and 9.8 million of cubic meters of wood was lost. Assessment of such a large−scale forest damage is difficult without using the remote sensed data. In this study, we examined the potential of the European satellite Sentinel−2 data for assessment of the forest damage caused by the windthrow. The assessment was performed using a difference between a normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) calculated based on the pre− and post−damage Sentinel−2 images. NDMI was calculated based on NIR (824 nm) and SWIR (1610 nm) bands. The result of this study showed the total damage area in forest is equal to 35.8 thousand hectares, of which 27.7 thousand hectares was damaged within the State Forests and 8.1 thousand hectares outside the State Forests administration. These figures are much lower than the estimates by the State Forests, regarding the forest damage within the State Forests and higher comparing to estimations in the non−state forest. In fact, these figures are comparable with the heavily damage areas assigned to clearance by the State Forests. The accurate comparison of the results was not possible due to the lack of up−to−date information on forest damage. Sentinel−2 data revealed to be perfect data for large scale damage assessment and postdamage forest monitoring mainly due to the wide swath up to 290 km. The limitation of the optical sensors is the cloudiness. Unfortunately, in the case of this analysis, the first cloud free image was acquired 6 weeks after the windthrow. It reduces the potential of the single−source data for rapid assessment of damages.
During the period from 2003 to 2011 observations of carabid community regression and selected habitat indicators were conducted on 15 plots in stands that had been disturbed by a hurricane and on 15 plots in control stands. Regression of carabid communities delayed 3−4 years was observed, consisting in increases in the number of species and the proportion of xerophilous species and reductions in the percentage of forest fauna and in mean individual biomass. Only after 7 years did these indicators begin to show a ten− dency in the reverse direction, albeit not very strong, indicating that carabid communities had begun to regenerate.
Sylwan
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2017
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tom 161
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nr 03
An analysis of the occurrence of saprophagous Diplopoda and zoophagous Chilopoda 6−7 years after the hurricane of 2002 was performed on 12 research plots established for this purpose in Pisz Forest District (northern Poland) in Scots pine stands with a different scale of disturbance. Three plots were selected per each stand disturbance variant: A – severe disturbance (approx. 10% of survived trees), B – moderate disturbance (approx. 30−40% of survived trees) and F – no disturbance. In addition, we used three plots in Scots pine plantations (U) established after a complete removal of disturbed stands and soil preparation. The faunistic material was collected in 2008 and 2009 using Barber traps. Compared with the research carried out in 2004 and 2005, the occurrence of new Diplopoda species increased by 7, and their highest diversity was observed in 2009 in A variant. New millipede (Diplopoda) species were found in the post−hurricane windthrow areas, whose number, in response to the changed environmental conditions (open space with high insolation, large amount of accumulated organic matter) increased. We used the GLM, NMDS and PCA to confirm the hypothesis that myriapod assemblages can be arranged along a clear disturbance gradient: from the most disturbed pine plantations and stands to the least affected stands. The regeneration of forest ecosystems, assessed on the basis of observations of the assemblages of carabid beetles by other authors, comprises a multi−step response to the disturbance. In the case of Diplopoda and Chilopoda, such a response observed after 2009 suggests the beginning of the restoration of myriapod assemblages inhabiting the ecosystems.
In July 2002, 33 000 ha of pine forest in north-eastern Poland were hit by a hurricane. Since spring 2003, a survey on carabid assemblages inhabiting the damaged stands has been carried out. The Carabidae fauna of affected stands in the Pisz Forest District was compared with that of non-affected stands in the Maskulińskie Forest District. In both stand types 15 plots in 5 age classes were established (3 plots in each class): class I (2040 years old), II (4050), III (5060), IV (6080) and V (above 80 years old). The disturbance contributed to a profound decrease in carabid abundance, although carabid species richness was significantly higher in the damaged stands compared to the control ones. Both a cluster analysis and CCA analysis clearly distinguished between the post-hurricane and control assemblages. The hurricane considerably reduced the proportion of forest European autumn breeding and hygrophilous species individuals in carabid assemblages. Moreover, a marked decline in MIB (Mean Individual Biomass) and SPC (Sum of Progressive Characteristics) index in the disturbed stands was observed. An inverse trend was noticed for hemizoophages, open-habitat and xerophilous species individuals, which increased in abundance significantly in stand openings. The most pronounced differences were recorded in 2006.
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