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Numerous studies show that in the pedunculate and sessile oaks there are two forms that differ in terms of the spring development of leaves – one can distinguish early and late variants. Acceleration of leaves development gives the particular tree a chance to gain advantage over others, as well as enables to avoid herbivory caused by insects. However, it is fraught with the risk of damage caused by the late frosts. In turn, trees that develop leaves later can avoid losses, but they have to face the shortened growing season. The article presents the results of repeated observations of the spring development of sessile oak trees in about 90−year old stand in central Poland (19.920365° E, 51.837381° N). The trees were observed every week and classified into one of six classes of leaves development – from the absence of bud burst symptoms to the fully−developed leaf. It was found that over time, the share of trees was gradually increasing at higher and higher stages of development, while at the end of the observation period the rate of development of trees was very high. Importantly, at each stage of development, the trees emerged, which proceeded to much faster development than previously, and their share was increasing over time, as shown in the elaborated model of stand development.
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Debowe drzewostany nasienne w Nadlesnictwie Runowo

75%
The research concerned the evaluation of the soil seed bank and herb layer diversity in the 60−year old secondary oak forest growing in the Kozubowski Landscape Park (Nida Basin, southern Poland). The aim of the studies was to determine the diversity, similarity and species structure of herb layer and soil seed bank within plots situated at different distances from the forest edge as well as to discuss the obtained data with the results of analogous research which were conducted in the natural oak forest in Białowieża (north−eastern Poland). 12 plots 20×20 m were situated in three zones from edge to the centre of the forest (P, S and L; fig. 1). A total of 134 species of vascular plants were recorded in the analysed herb layer (4800 m²). It was found that in the plots closest to the forest edge, both the Shannon’s diversity index and the average density of the herb layer species were significantly higher than on these located deeper in forest (fig. 2, 3). The soil seed bank contained a total of 2820 seeds belonging to 45 species. The density of the seed bank ranged from 1406/m² (P) to 1061/m² and 1057/m² (S and L, respectively). The seed bank species richness showed a constant decrease from zone P to L (fig. 4). The Sörensen species similarity coefficient between the herb layer and the seed bank for the entire forest was 0.43. Although nearly 90% of the seeds of the whole bank belonged to the species present in the herb layer, the species structure of the above ground vegetation was clearly different from that recorded in the bank. It was found that over 66% of all seeds in the bank belonged to Poa nemoralis. A comparative analysis of the studied oak forest and natural oak forest of Białowieża showed: a similar number of forest species in herb layer per 100 m², similarly high proportion of ancient forest species in the herb layer, much lower species richness of the seed bank as well as its density in the secondary forest. Our results also point to several times lower values of H’ Shannon−Wiener’s biodiversity index, both in the herb layer and the seed bank in comparison to the undisturbed Białowieża oak forest.
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