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For targeted drug delivery a variety of protector or carrier systems has been developed. One of the promising approaches uses liposomes, which may be partially directed toward particular types of cells by means of antibodies or other ligands. We have proposed recently a new method for drug targeting based on magnetoliposomes, which are liposomes with subdomain magnetite (Fe3O4) particles with a diameter of ≈10 nm incorporated in their bilayers. Due to their magnetic sensitivity a non-homogeneous magnetic field may be used for the targeting of magnetoliposomes to a given tissue. Because magnetite particles are strong microwave absorbers we have experimentally analyzed the influence of microwave radiation with a frequency of 2.45 GHz on the permeability of phosphatidylcholine magnetoliposomes. We have found for example that microwave radiation with specific absorbed power of 400 mW/g almost completely releases entrapped 6-carboxy-fluorescein in 15 min. The probable underlying mechanism is heating of Fe3O4 particles which leads to a perforation of lipid bilayers and subsequent leakage of entrapped magnetoliposome volume, so microwave radiation may be used for controllable release of drugs at low doses of microwave radiation intensities as compared with conventional microwave hyperthermia used previously by other authors.
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Cellular uptake of coumarin-6 as a model drug loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles

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The aim of present work was to elucidate the interaction of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with cellular plasma-membrane to gain insight of intracellular drug delivery. To this aim we followed the uptake of coumarin-6 (a drug model) either free in the extracellular medium or loaded on SLN (c-SLN). Alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to a biocompatible concentration of c-SLN (0.01 mg/ml of tripalmitin) prepared by warm microemulsion whose lipid matrix was constituted by low melting point molecules (fatty acids, triglycerides). Intracellular fluorescence and preferential accumulation in the perinuclear region were increased by 54.8% on comparing c-SLN to the same amount of free coumarin-6 in the medium. Lowering temperature from 37° to 4°C decreased the intracellular signal intensity by about 48% equally for the free as well as for loaded drug, thus suggesting the inhibition of a similar non-endocytotic entrance pathway. No specific co-localization of the fluorescence with intracellular organelles was found. The c-SLN calorimetric profile obtained with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), revealing transition within the range 58-62°C, altered remarkably upon incubation with cells, suggesting a change in SLN structure after association with cells membranes. We propose that the uptake of the model drug loaded on SLN is only partly related to the endocytotic pathway; it occurs despite the loss of integrity of the original SLN structure and it appears to be more efficient when the drug is vehicled rather than being free in the culture medium.
A range of well defined, pure, highly surface-active but non-hemolyzing fluorinated amphiphiles has recently been synthesized. Fluorocarbon chains strongly enhance the hydrophobic effect that induces the organization of amphiphiles into bilayer membranes, and supplement it with a lipophobic effect as well. This leads to an augmented tendency for fluorinated amphiphiles to selfassemble into vesicles (liposomes), tubules and other supramolecular aggregates when dispersed in water and other solvents. Fluorinated bilayers and vesicles are generally more stable and less permeant than those made from hydrocarbon analogs. The presence of a fluorinated film inside the liposomal membrane also has significant repercussions on the behavior of the liposomes in a biological milieu and on their in vivo recognition.
Liposomes have been used as models of biomembranes and tools in the field of drug delivery systems. Liposomalization of various drugs has been revealed to enhance their efficacy and to reduce the side effect of the drugs. For site-specific delivery, intracellular targeting, and controlled release of drugs, many functional liposomes have been developed based on their nature as models of biomembranes. In this paper, preparation and characterization of three kinds of functional liposomes are presented, namely, thermosensitive liposomes for delivering macromolecules, pH-sensitive liposomes for cytosolic delivery of the encapsulated materials, and reticuloendothelial system (RES)-avoiding liposomes for passive targeting to tumor tissues. The actual usefulness of RES-avoiding liposomes modified with a uronic acid derivative, palmityl-D-glucuronide, for tumor imaging and therapy was demonstrated. Recently, a method to analyze liposomal trafficking in living animals, which is important in the use of liposomes as drug carriers, was developed by use of positron emission tomography. In this paper, liver accumulation of liposomes having various charges is shown.
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