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The main objective of this study was to determine the allelopathic impact of dominant species (Calamagrostis epigeios, Rubus idaeus and Chamaenerion angustifolium) of clear-cuttings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests (Vaccinio-myrtillo Pinetum) on test species germination emphasizing the forest ecosystem establishment. Aqueous extracts of roots and shoots were produced at different growth stages and assayed on germination. Additionally, total concentration of phenols was evaluated photo spectrometrically. Extracts of shoots more strongly inhibited germination than those of roots of all investigated species. The strongest inhibitory effect on germination and the highest phenol contents were documented during the flowering stage rather than in spring and autumn. Accordingly, to mean germination data the declining phytotoxicity sequence of the species was determined: R. idaeus > C. epigeios > Ch. angustifolium. Hence this study implied in allelopathic activity of species a potential suppressive factor that could influence germination and forest regeneration, but field condition studies are necessary.
Fostering was studied in the African striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman, 1784) in captivity to establish if females can distinguish their own from strange pups, and if fostering affected the hiology of fostered pups. In experiment 1, I exchanged 3-4 same-age pups between two litters; their acceptance by the foster mother and their growth rate were studied from 0 to 16 days of age. In experiment 2, the acceptance of pups fostered at 2 days of age and returned to their natural mothers between 4 and 16 days of age was ascertained. All pups younger than 10 and 12 days of age were accepted in experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Slow growth rates were recorded only for pups fostered at 10 days old. Females appeared not to distinguish their own pups from strange pups, until the pups started eating solid food. In experiment 3, the dominance­-subordinate relationship between sexually mature fostered and normally-reared individuals was established in dyadic encounters. Pups fostered at 4-6 days were equally likely to win or lose an encounter, whereas pups fostered at 8-10 days were significantly more likely to win an encounter. It appears that fostering affects the later dominant behaviour of some fostered young.
Social behaviour of the bank vole was video recorded during direct encounters between individuals under natural conditions. The apparatus consisted of miniature video cameras, a system of image processing and recording, and infrared emitters. This device enabled continuous 24-h observations at several sites simultaneously. The study was conducted in an alder swamp Ribo nigri-Alnetum located in the Kampinos National Park, central Poland (52°20’N, 20°25’E). Observations were made in the late summers of 2002 and 2003 at six independent baited sites for 10 days and nights per each site. Rodents visiting the sites were individually marked by fur clipping. In sum, 13 053 visits to the sites and 1868 encounters between two marked individuals of C. glareolus were video recorded during 1440 hours of observation. It has been found that under natural conditions, bank voles most often avoided each other (55% of the encounters). In the case of close contacts they were aggressive (30%), rarely tolerant (7%), and during the remaining encounters they showed a mixed behaviour. The voles met mainly in the night (94% of the encounters) despite of 25% of their daily activity ran during the day. The frequency and character of encounters depended on the sex, age, and the origin of individuals. Encounters between males were more aggressive than between females (P <0.01). In encounters between opposite sexes, males were dominants (P <0.001). Individuals with a larger body mass were dominant in access to food (P <0.000). Cases of the dominance of juveniles over adults were interpreted as a result of the site of their origin. Social relations between individuals were characterised by persistence and repeatability in time. The results are compared with the literature describing experiments with animals kept in the laboratory or in enclosures, and field observations based on trapping techniques and telemetry
We tested the hypothesis that there is a negative correlation between rank and order of casting antlers in white-tailed deerOdocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) and that dominant individuals will start antler regrowth and velvet shedding earlier than subordinates. We assessed dominance relationship among 14 bucks (1.5 to 7.5 years-of-age) confined in a 0.6 ha enclosure and related hierarchal position to timing of antler casting, initiation of antler regrowth, and initiation of velvet shedding. During 66 observation sessions we recorded 2833 agonistic interactions. Bucks developed an unstable hierarchy with relatively frequent changes in rank, particularly in the upper half of the hierarchy. Antler casting dates were positively correlated with age and wins and losses of agonistic encounters; correlations with body mass approached significance. When age was eliminated as a confounding factor by partial correlation, no significant relationship between antler casting date and other characteristics occurred, except losses. When body mass was eliminated by partial correlation, the relationship between casting date and losses was more pronounced. Timing of antler regrowth was negatively correlated with age, body mass, rank and wins, while positively correlated with losses. The start of velvet shedding was negatively correlated with rank position. Our results are in apparent contrast with previous studies. However, our experimental group contained more individuals in a confined area than is typical for the species. Whitetails may be more susceptible to social stress in captivity than more gregarious species such as red deer, resulting in variable responses to rank position.
Composition and abundance of Gastrotricha in lake psammon were studied and compared with those from other lake habitats. Samples were taken from April till October 2004 from 3 sites at the edge of zone frequently wetted by waves (hygropsammon) in a deep (38 m) mesotrophic lake situated in Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lakeland (south-eastern Poland). A total of 11 gastrotrich species belonging to Chaetonotidae family were found. Three species: Lepidodermella squamata Dujardin, Chaetonotus macrochaetus Zelnika i Ch. heideri Brehm dominated (52%) in total abundance. According to the previous studies the number of species occurring in bottom sediments of the same lake was higher by 11–14 species. Species diversity index H’, amounted 2.19 being lower than that calculated for the gastrotrichs of inshore bottom and littoral sediments (2.88 and 2.58, respectively) and similar to the value given for epiphytic fauna (2.01) of that lake. The fauna of psammic Gastrotricha showed the greatest similarity (38%) to epiphytic fauna of that lake as measured by the index of homogeneity. Peak densities of psammic Gastrotricha were found in May (37.5 10³ ind. m⁻²) and in September (32.8 10³ ind. m⁻²) and marked decrease of density was observed in August and October (18.1 10³ ind. m⁻² and 13.6 10³ ind. m⁻², respectively). Mean density and biomass were 25.35 10³ ind. m⁻² and 3.8 mg m⁻² respectively. Density and biomass of Gastrotricha were by two orders of magnitude lower in psammon than in bottom sediments of the lake.
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