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The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of in vitro maturation in relationship to pathomorphology of uterus and oocytes quality. Morphological evaluation of the uterus helped to classify the queens into one of three groups: those with normal uteri, those with transformed uteri and pregnant queens. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were separated at recovery into three types according to pigmetation, uniformity and smoothness of ooplasm, compactness and number of layers of cumulus cells, as well as integrity of zona pellucida. Oocytes were maturated for 36 hours at 38°C in M199 medium containing cysteine and 17b oestradiol. After IVM, the meiotic status of oocytes was determined and the percentage of matured oocytes was calculated in relationship to COCs quality and uterus condition. In the group with normal uterus, oocytes of class A maturated (63.93%) better than oocytes class B and C, although the differences in maturation of oocytes class A and B were not statistically significant. The worst results of IVM were for oocytes class C. In the group of transformed uterus, 55.17% of oocytes class A maturated, while in only 7.84% of oocytes class C metaphase II had been observed. Significant differences were established in availability to IVM between oocytes class A and C as well as class B and C. In the group with pregnant uteri, the highest percentage of matured oocytes was in class A (46.27%), though there are no statistically significant differences in IVM between oocytes class A and B (28.8%), and the oocytes class C maturated in only 1.82%. Only oocytes of class A and B should be qualified for IVM procedure. Pregnant queens as well as queens with transformed uteri can also serve as oocyte donors for in vitro maturation.
The ovaries from 173 mares were collected at the time of slaughter from September 1991 to September 1992 and follicles (5—20 mm in diameter) were isolated and dissected to obtain oocytes for culture. 669 oocytes were subjected to one of four different culture treatments: Gr. 1-medium with oocytes, Gr. 2-medium plus 3 X 10⁶/ml granulosa cells plus oocytes, Gr. 3-medium plus 0.3 X 10⁶/ml theca interna cells plus oocytes, Gr. 4-medium plus granulosa and theca interna plus oocytes. The oocytes were cultured for 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 hrs. After culture cumulus cells the expansion and stage of nuclear maturition was determined. The majority of oocytes reached full nuclear maturition after 30 hrs. The best results — full dispersion of cumulus cells in 96% and 97% of the oocytes and metaphase II in 75% and 77% of the oocytes — were obtained after 36 and 42 hrs’culture of oocytes with theca interna cells, respectively.
Oocytes attain developmental competence as a result of their maturation, which gives them nuclear and cytoplasm maturity. In physiological conditions the developmental competencies of oocytes are achieved in the environment of ovarian follicles before ovulation. In in vitro conditions, however, this occurs in a culture medium which, for porcine oocytes, is generally a TCM-199 and NCSU-23 medium supplemented in specific proportions of amino acids, proteins, hormones, growth factors and follicular fluid. The specific nature of porcine oocytes is that it takes them almost twice as long to obtain nuclear and cytoplasm maturity as in the case of other species of farm animals. Moreover, a common problem of in vitro maturation is the absence of normal cytoplasm maturity. Irregularities in translocation of mitochondria in the cytoplasm and transferring ions signals may also be observed. The absence of cytoplasm maturity of oocytes on the other hand reduces the possibility of male pronucleus (MPN) formation and development of zygotes to the blastocytes stage. Therefore, the latest studies concentrate on formulating methods of in vitro culture which enable normal development of porcine oocytes both in their nuclear as well as cytoplasm maturity.
Currently ART (assisted reproductive technology) is assuming one of the most important places in animal reproduction. Till the present, the main interest concerned the oocytes and embryos in laboratory and in producing animals. Nowadays, with the improvement of ART, as well as gradually increasing interest in endangered species, the interest in using these techniques is shifting toward other animals. Because of this fact, ART procedures concerning domestic cats have progressed significantly in the last years. Domestic cats are a very suitable model for the investigation of endangered feline species. The following paper discusses the current procedures of obtaining oocytes from domestic cats as well as their in vitro development.
The aim of the review was to present current views on the factors influencing the in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF) of mare oocytes. The first two foals produced with the use of the so-called standard IVF (co-incubation of oocytes and spermatozoa in culture media) were born over 20 years ago. To date, it has been possible to obtain offspring in horses after the fertilization of in vitro matured oocytes by the intracytoplasmic sperm injection technique (ICSI) or by the surgical transfer of oocytes to the oviducts of inseminated mares (fertilization in vivo). Causes of the low efficiency of IVF in horses are complex and may be related to an incomplete maturation of oocytes, an inappropriate method of sperm capacitation in vitro, as well as the use of non-compliant media for the development of inseminated oocytes and/or early embryos. The paper describes the method of oocyte collection from mare ovaries and the most important factors influencing the number and quality of oocytes obtained. It discusses the relationship between the physiological status of ovarian follicles, cumulus oophorus morphology and the capacity of mare oocytes for in vitro maturation and fertilization. In addition, some aspects of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of equine oocytes are presented. The understanding of the in vivo maturation mechanisms of equine gametes and of the developmental requirements of embryos helps to improve culture conditions and the in vitro fertilization efficiency of equine oocytes.
The development of assisted reproductive techniques in dogs creates new possibilities to protect many species from extinction. The efficiency of oocytes maturation in bitches in vitro is much lower in comparison to other mammals. That is why there are many limitations in the development of methods of reproduction biotechnology in this species, i.e. embryo production (IVP), cryopreservation of semen or the transfer of nuclei. The oocytes of bitches existing in the follicle environment are influenced by the activity of progesterone, while the re-start and finish of the meiotic division in these cells takes place in the uterine tube. In contrast to bitches, in the case of the majority of mammals estrogens are dominating hormones and ovulating oocytes are in metaphase II of meiotic division. Differences in the process of oocytes maturation between several species of mammals make it impossible to create optimal and at the same time universal conditions of in vitro production. A relatively late implantation of the embryo in dogs can also be observed. In the present article questions connected with the process of in vivo and in vitro oocytes maturation were described as well as the fertilization and initial stages of embryo development in dogs.
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of gonadotropic hormones and granulosa cells on the maturation and developmental capacity of cattle oocytes in vitro, as well as the effect of TCM 199 and DMEM/F12 media on the development of embryos obtained in co-culture with oviduct epithelial cells. Fertilization was performed with the use of frozen semen from 2 bulls. Twenty hours after insemination, presumptive zygotes were placed in co-culture with oviduct cells in a TCM 199 (TCM-KJ co-culture) or a DMEM/F12 medium (DMEM-KJ co-culture) and cultured for 7-9 days. Metaphase II was reached by 40% and 48% of oocytes cultured in the presence of granulosa cells and gonadotropins, respectively. Only embryos obtained from oocytes maturing in the presence of granulosa cells developed to the blastocyst stage. Considerably more dividing embryos were obtained when the presumptive zygotes were co-cultured with TCM-KJ (38.1%) rather than with DMEM-KJ (8.6%; P < 0.01). This study showed that the presence of granulosa cells had no effect on the nuclear maturation of cattle oocytes, but increased their capacity for embryonic development. TCM 199 is much more useful than DMEM/F12 for the co-culture of cattle embryos with oviduct cells.
The article presents the present state of knowledge about obtaining in vitro embryos from farm animals. This biotechnique includes: in vitro maturation of oocytes, in vitro fertilizing matured oocytes and in vitro culture of embryos. The aim of in vitro production of embryos is to obtain more blastocysts and blastocysts of good quality which will determine the efficiency of embryo transfer and facilitate the production of a greater number of healthy offspring. Offspring were produced after transferring embryos produced in vitro in sheep, cattle, pigs, goats and horses. This biotechnique is used in farm animal breeding, biotechnology and basic research.
In the past few years increased progress in the in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF) of porcine oocytes has occurred. The recovery of oocytes with full developmental competition was possible in the case of improved in vitro culture (IVC) methods. However, there is still a large problem with polispermic embryos produced by IVF. The construction of culture media supplemented with hormones, amino acids and enzymes belongs to the most important factor in the decreasing of the polyspermy rate. These combinations lead to the decreased polyspermy rate and increased efficiency of fertilizations. The microsurgical injection of single spermatozoon into oocytes (ICSI) belongs to one of the most frequently used techniques. This method omits the natural selection of spermatozoa but may lead to the induction of several developmental defects in offspring. In this review the experimental results associated with in vitro techniques used in porcine reproductive biology have been presented.
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