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Fast land use changes have strongly affected arid and semi-arid regions at a global scale, affecting food security of the inhabitants of these regions. This study evaluated the fragmentation degree in the Chihuahua´s desert region of Mexico by using data from the Landsat TM sensor. Nine scenes, taken with Landsat TM5 sensor from the years 1990, 2000, and 2012, were used for the analysis. The coverage of seven land uses (grasslands, shrubland, croplands, sandy desert vegetation, forest, water bodies, and urban areas) was obtained under supervised classification techniques and the accuracy level was evaluated through the Kappa multi-varied discrete index. The classification showed a good reliance level having global accuracies of 93, 93.2 and 90.3% for the years 1990, 2000 and 2012, respectively. The fragmentation analysis showed an increase in the number of patches, an indicator of the ecosystem degradation process. The patches number increased from 8,354.23 in 1990 to 9,658.36 in 2000 and to 11,469 in 2012. Simpson and Shannon diversity indexes proved a clear fragmentation process. During the period of 1990−2012, grasslands were the most affected vegetation type with a reduction of 30.7% in its area. Such reduction was mainly attributed to invasions of shrubland communities and to an increase in cropland areas.
This study was carried out to determine the water quality of the beaches at Matrouh, south-eastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, by studying environmental variables as well as phytoplankton abundance and community structure. Surface water samples were monitored from a series of beach sites over a period of five seasons during 2009–2010. A total of 203 phytoplankton species were identified from seven algal divisions. Seasonal differences in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the phytoplankton communities in the different sites were marked. Nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton abundances were found to be poorer than those of many other areas along Egyptian coast. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index classified Matrouh water as being between clean and moderately polluted, whereas the WQI demonstrated that it was between good and excellent. It can be concluded that the index based onWQI is currently more suitable than the phytoplankton species index for assessing the quality of the water of the Matrouh beaches.
Each plant species is regarded to substantially influence and thus, select for specific rhizosphere microbial populations. This is considered in the exploitation of soil microbial diversity associated with important crops, which has been of interest in modern agricultural practices for sustainable productivity. This study used PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) in order to obtain an initial assessment of the bacterial and fungal communities associated in bulk soil and rhizospheres of different mungbean genotypes under natural field conditions. Integrated use of multivariate analysis and diversity index showed plant growth stage as the primary driver of community shifts in both microbial groups while rhizosphere effect was found to be less discrete in fungal communities. On the other hand, genotype effect was not discerned but not inferred to be absent due to possible lack of manifestations of differences among genotypes based on tolerance to drought under non-stressed environment, and due to detection limits of DGGE. Sequence analysis of prominent members further revealed that Bacillus and Arthrobacter species were dominant in bacterial communities whereas members of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were common in fungal communities of mungbean. Overall, fungal communities had higher estimated diversity and composition heterogeneity, and were more dynamic under plant growth influence, rhizosphere effect and natural environmental conditions during mungbean growth in upland field. These primary evaluations are prerequisite to understanding the interactions between plant and rhizosphere microorganisms with the intention of employing their potential use for sustainable crop production.
Natural enemies of insect pests in vegetable crops (brinjal, okra and tomato) were recorded and their diversity was studied in Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts, Tamil Nadu. Natural enemies were collected by pitfall traps, sweeping nets and by hand picking from January 2011 to December 2013 twice in a month. Totally 129 species of predatory and parasitic insects were recorded. All the natural enemies were grouped into 50 families under eight different orders. Order hymenoptera contained the highest number of families and species. Among the predators, Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) was found to be the dominant group with high number of species. It was clear that Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Pentatomidae were the predominant natural enemies throughout the study period. In 2013, formicidae formed the major family of occurrence from July to December in the vegetable fields; in this period the total number of individuals collected from all families was the highest. The maximum Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 3.70 during the second season in 2013. Maximum richness (5.99) was recorded in the second season of 2012. The variations in the diversity, species richness and evenness between two cropping systems are discussed in this paper.
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