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Thallium is a highly toxic element and very rarely studied in the context of environmental hazards connected with zinc and non-ferrous metal industry. Microorganisms naturally existing in post-flotation and smelt wastes can participate in thallium release from waste deposits and can contribute to its dispersion in the environment. Twenty-one isolates were obtained from wastes of a non-ferrous smelter in Southern Poland characterised by high heavy metal contamination. Ten isolates showed high activity in thallium leaching from wastes (post-flotation and smelt wastes) as well as from pure thallous sulphide. Additionally, cadmium and lead were bioleached from wastes. The isolated bacteria indicated thallium resistance at a concentration up to 100 mg/l and some of them were able to survive in good condition at a concentration of up to 4 g/l. The same bacteria were isolated from rivers and wastewater in this region. A preliminary characterisation of isolates was performed. It was shown that some petroleum products i.e. asphalt-base crude occasionally used for waste immobilisation at the edge of pond or flotation surfactants partially stopped the activity of sulphide oxidising bacteria.
We studied the swimming capacity of the fossorial rodent Microtus (Terrícola) duo­decimcostatus fde Sélys-Longchamps, 1839), and found it to be a proficient swimmer in comparison with other fossorial species. We determined that main factor affecting swimming ability is the resistance of its hair to water absorption and its small body size. The hypothesis suggesting that insectivore moles are better swimmers than rodent mole is discussed. We find that body size, rather than the taxonomical group (insectivore or rodent), appears to be an important factor affecting swimming ability of fossorial species. The wide distribution of M. (7*.) duodecimcostatus could be partly explained by its high swimming ability; rivers, therefore, may not be significant geographical barriers to its dispersal.
Fifty-nine fallow deer Dama dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) fitted with radio collars were monitored in the Blue Mountains, Otago, New Zealand, between September 1985 and February 1988 to determine home range size ant! patterns of range development. Fallow deer occupy small annual ranges, averaging 66 ha for females and 189 ha for males (90% isopleths calculated by the Harmonic Mean method). For resident animals the respective values were 50 ha and 127 ha. Bimonthly seasonal range size varied with sex, age-class and season, with different seasonal patterns for males and females. Only one adult female dispersed, and most females occupied the same core range throughout the period they were monitored. Some subadult females did move into new areas, by a process of range extension rather than a single dispersive range shift. In contrast most males monitored for more than 6 months shifted their range, but the distances between successive seasonal range centres never exceeded 2,6 km and could not be reliably distinguished from adult seasonal movements. The range stability and slow dispersal rates of fallow deer should make them easier to control than the other common introduced deer species in New Zealand, and should make it practical to have different management objectives and regimes for adjacent catchments in the Blue Mountains.
The concrete with compact structure on the basis of Portland cement modified by the dispersion of multilayer carbon nanotubes GraphistrengthTM by Arkema is investigated. The change in the structure of cement stone in the process of concrete setting and hardening when introducing carbon nanotubes into the concrete composition is observed.
Erosion processes can strongly influence the dissipation of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid applied with Roundup Max in agricultural soils; in addition, the soil structure state shortly before erosive precipitations fall can be a key parameter for the distribution of glyphosate and its metabolite. Field rain simulation experiments showed that severe erosion processes immediately after application of Roundup Max can lead to serious unexpected glyphosate loss even in soils with a high presumed adsorption like the Cambisols, if their structure is unfavourable. In one of the no-tillage-plot of the Cambisol, up to 47% of the applied glyphosate amount was dissipated with surface run-off. Moreover, at the Chernozem site with high erosion risk and lower adsorption potential, glyphosate could be found in collected percolation water transported far outside the 2x2 m experimental plots. Traces of glyphosate were found also outside the treated agricultural fields.
This study presents information on a new to Poland synanthropic species - Aronia ×prunifolia (purple chokeberry).Purple chokeberry is cultivated worldwide as a fruit and decorative plant. In various regions of the world the process of its naturalisation outside the places of cultivation has been observed. In Europe, it is visible, among others, in Holland and Germany. In Poland, the first case was recorded in the "Bagna" bog complex near Chlebowo (Wielkopolska region). In this study, the distribution of Aronia ×prunifolia in Poland has been presented (square ATPOL BC67, BC68) as well as its spread and conditions of occurrence.
There grounded the frequency range choice in the system of the operation reliability of the technical systems based on the application of probabilistic – statistical method.
Attempts to obtain a micro-dispersion-based formulation insecticide were made. An aqueous micro-suspension of polystyrene had been used to trap pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin. A method of introducing the active substance into the polymer was developed. The biological efficiency of micro-emulsion of lambda-cyhalothrin with polystyrene was investigated.
Two differently rooted descriptions of anomalous diffusion that can be observed in tissue dielectric response, in the range of dispersion α, are presented. The probabilistic approach assumes a random nature of ion jumps and waiting times in the hopping conduction that is responsible for this dispersion. The other description stems from the assumption of deterministic character of ion transport equation. Results are supported by computer simulations.
Social groups may be viewed as collections of individuals exhibiting nonindependent behavior and organized in a cooperative manner. The evolutionary advantage of social behavior to individuals must be measured in its relativity to other potential behaviors, the scale of competitive interactions, and under a variety of environmental and genetic constraints. A primary tenet of social evolution is that coancestry will promote the genes of related individuals. High values of coancestry, however, do not necessarily translate into evolutionary advantage unless the primary competitive interactions occur among the groups. Coancestry is affected by the breeding tactics within and rates of genetic exchange among social groups. Low rates of exchange among groups, regardless of breeding tactics, may result in high values for intragroup coancestry but may lead to inbreeding depression in progeny. Likewise, breeding tactics such as polygyny, may not impart any long-lasting evolutionary advantage if genetic exchange rates are high. The evolution of social organizations typified by different breeding and migration strategies is evaluated to determine the conditions necessary for various tactics to result in genetic contributions by individuals equal to those of monogamous mating systems. The models show that breeding and dispersal tactics have probably evolved in concert and predict that social groups which are characterized by strong gene correlations are likely to exhibit relatively low group advantage for progeny survival and breeding. There is little impetus for high gene correlations to accrue in situations where group advantage is very high relative to monogamous systems.
We present data on fidelity to territory, and length of tenure (multi-year) for bucks of European roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) based on 26 radio-collared individuals that were followed for up to 5 years. Individual bucks showed a high degree of fidelity to summer territory, with consecutive year's activity centres being less than 200 m apart on average. An average 70% of one year's territory was within the borders of the previous year's territory. No buck occupied a territory which did not overlap with the previous year's territory. Activity centres of consecutive winter home ranges were on average 502 m apart, although this difference was not sig­nificant. Several cases of switching between non-overlapping winter ranges between years were observed. Annual survival was high (97%) and we observed only a single case of an old buck losing dominance on his former territory after a very hard winter. All other surviving bucks regained their dominance on their territories. It is suggested that the roe deer bucks were demonstrating an "always stay" strategy in order to gain the benefits of site familiarity. This is in keeping with the concept of roe deer territoriality being a relatively "low-risk low-gain" strategy where emphasis is placed on survival and multi-year tenure of a territory.
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