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Foliar fertilization is not a new application method, especially with respect to field crops. However, little information is available regarding foliar fertilization of grasses. This paper contains a presentation of guidelines for rational fertilization of permanent meadow through delivery of nitrogen doses applied in various forms. The study was conducted near Siedlce in 1999-2001. Basic fertilization was applied once in the growing period, in the spring, introducing to the soil the following quantities of nutrients: N–60 kg⋅ha-1, P–60 kg⋅ha-1, K–60 kg⋅ha-1. The fertilizers were used in two forms: multiple (Polifoska 15) [P] and a mix of fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, superphosfate, potasic salt) [M]. Under the second and third cut of grass, additional nitrogen nutrition was applied on the experiment plots, as foliar or soil fertilization treatments. The following nitrogen doses were used (in kg⋅ha-1): 27.6 (N1), 41.4 (N2), 55.2 (N3). Every year, three cuts were collected for determination of the content of calcium and magnesium. The fertilization variants modified the content of calcium in sward. The concentration of calcium increased from 8.4 to 9.0 g kg-1 d.m. only under the influence of increasing doses of nitrogen applied in the liquid form against the background of the multiple fertilizer. While analysing the content of calcium in plants in dependence of the applied doses and method of supplementary nitrogen fertilization, it was found out that most calcium was in plants from plots foliar fertilized with a nitrogen dose of 55.2 kg⋅ha-1 (N3). The lowest calcium level was in grass fertilized with 41.4 kg N⋅ha-1 (N2) applied to soil. The content of magnesium in sward was high: on average 3.0 g⋅kg-1 d.m. in grass fertilized with the multiple fertilizer and 3.1 g⋅kg-1 d.m. in grass receiving a mixture of single-component fertilizers.
This paper discusses the results of soil surveys of the content of different forms of potassium (K) carried out in 2003/2004 in Southeast Poland. A total of 700 soil samples, representing all soil textural groups, were collected from the plough layer and the subsoil, with the content of ‘total’, reserve, exchangeable, ‘available’ and water soluble potassium being determined. The content of all forms of non-water soluble potassium depends on soil texture, soil pH and the soil layer. The average shares of reserve, exchangeable and water soluble potassium in the ‘total’ potassium were 35.8, 11.8 and 2.76 % respectively, increasing from light to heavy soils and being higher in the plough layer than in the subsoil. The content of ‘available’ potassium determined in Poland using the Egner-Riehm DL method closely correlates with the content of exchangeable potassium.
The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) compounds on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in a Mollic gleysol and in Haplic Phaeozem soil samples. It was found that phosphatase activity in the soil decreases with increasing concentrations of Cr (III) in the range 2-20 g t-1. In the case of Cr (VI) an immediate reduction of both acid as alkaline phosphatase activity in relation to the control sample was also observed. Moreover, phosphatase activity has a tendency to diminish the deeper it is found in the soil profile. Soil phosphatase activity is also stimulated by the presence of organic matter.
Present intensification of plant production rises a need to search for new solutions, such as novel fertilization technologies which reduce environmental pollution. The aim of this work has been to examine principles of rational fertilization of permanent meadows, including delivery of nitrogen doses applied in various forms. The investigations were led in the region of Siedlce in 1999-2001. Basic fertilization was applied once during the growing season, in spring, and consisted of N–60 kg⋅ha-1, P–60 kg⋅ha-1, K–60 kg⋅ha-1 applied to soil. The fertilizers were used in two forms: multiple (Polifoska 15) [P] and a mix of fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, superphosphate, potassium salt) [M]. Nitrogen fertilization of the second and third cuts was conduced as various foliar (20%, 30%, 40% urea solution) or soil (ammonium nitrate). The doses of nitrogen in respective variants were 27.6 kg⋅ha-1 (N1), 41.4 kg⋅ha-1 (N2) and 55.2 kg⋅ha-1 (N3). Every year three cuts for determination of potassium and sodium were collected. Fertilization of the experimental objects with the multiple fertilizer resulted in increasing plants’ potassium content whereas the mixture of fertilizers increased the quantity of sodium in plants. Foliar fertilization with nitrogen in the form of urea solution gave a higher increase in the plants’ content of potassium and sodium than fertilization to roots with ammonium nitrate (independently on the basic fertilization). By analysing the content of potassium in plants in dependence of the doses as well as the kind of supplementary nitrogen fertilization, it has been verified that most of this component was determined in plants treated with foliar fertilization consisting of 55.2 kg N⋅ha-1 (N3), the lowest potassium concentration occurred in plants receiving foliar fertilization with dose 41.4 kg N⋅ha-1 (N2). The analysis of the sodium content in plants in dependence of the doses and type of supplementary nitrogen fertilization showed that most potassium was in plants produced on the plots receiving foliar fertilization with a nitrogen dose of 27.6 kg⋅ha-1 (N1), and the least potassium was determined in plants nourished with 41.4 kg N⋅ha-1 (N2) applied to soil.
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