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The aim of this study was to establish and quantify changes in the activities of total, free and bound fractions of pancreatic lipase, galactoso-6-sulphatase, ß-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase in the course of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Rabbits were divided into a control group and groups injected with alloxan on the 21 st , 42 nd , 90 th and the 180 th day, after which blood samples were taken and the rabbits sacrificed by decapitation. The pancreas was removed and the glucose level measured. Enzyme activities were assayed by spectrophotometric methods. The total activities of N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase and ß-D-galactosidase were the lowest on day 42 of the test, and the total activity of lipase was the highest at this point of time, as compared to the other periods of the study. We conclude that in the course of alloxan-induce diabetes activities of pancreatic lipase and sulphatase were increasing following the levels of glucose, whilst activities of ß-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase were declining, being inversely correlated to the level of glucose and activities of the first two mentioned enzymes. Above alterations in activity of lysosomal pancreatic enzymes of alloxan induced diabetic rabbits may be responsible for some aspects of previously reported diabetic enteropathy and chronic complications, or may provide a mechanism for the pancreatic beta-cells to moderate their insulin content.
Healthy, and insulin-deficient (streptozotocin-induced diabetic, STZ) Sprague-Dawley rats were used to investigate the effects of different doses of ß-endorphin (25 and 50 µg/kg) on plasma ß-endorphin, insulin, glucagon, and glucose levels at 15- and 30-min time points. In experimental groups, plasma ß-endorphin levels were higher at the 15-min than at the 30-min time point in healthy rats; however, in STZ-diabetic rats, ß-endorphin levels were lower at 15 min than at 30 min, indicating that intraperitoneal absorption of ß-endorphin differed between healthy and insulin-deficient rats, ß-endorphin did not affect plasma glucose, insulin, or glucagon at either dose in the healthy group. In the insulin-deficient rats, ß-endorphin at 50 µg/kg reduced plasma glucose levels at the 30-min time point compared to the 25 µg/kg dose, without affecting plasma insulin. Moreover, ß-endorphin at 50 µg/kg decreased plasma glucagon levels at the 15-min time point in comparison to the 25 µg/kg dose in insulin-deficient rats. Plasma glucose levels may be reduced in insulin-deficient rats at high ß-endorphin levels regardless of insulin status.
Background. The aim of this work was to examine the awareness of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) on the importance of physical activity (PA) in the prevention and treatment of their disease. Material and methods. The survey was completed by 178 respondents (47.3% women, 52.7% men), of whom 69.1% were dependent on exogenous insulin. Data was collected in April 2019 via a questionnaire given to patients at the Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine at the Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice, Slovakia. Results. More than half of the respondents admitted having insufficient information about their health condition, and a similar proportion felt lack of knowledge regarding exercise for their illness. As many as 69.1% of the patients reported inadequate help by their health care providers with regard to the do’s and dont’s of their disease, and 41.9% of respondents reported having no knowledgeable health care provider with whom to share their concerns. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that a substantial number of DM patients do not have adequate information about their health condition and how to improve it. On the other hand, nearly two-thirds of participants recognize that regular physical activity (PA) is an option to achieve positive changes.
Diabetes mellitus is the world’s largest endocrine disorder resulting in multiple aetiologies, involving metabolic disorders of carbohydrate, fat and protein. All forms of diabetes are due to a decrease in the circulating concentration of insulin (insulin deficiency) and a decrease in the response of peripheral tissues to insulin i.e., insulin resistance. According to the World Health Organization projections, the prevalence of diabetes is likely to increase by 35% by the year 2025. In this study, the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, the activities of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are altered in erythrocytes and in tissues such as liver and kidney. Albino Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats exhibited significantly (p<0.05) increased levels of plasma glucose and decreased levels of plasma insulin. The activities of total ATPases, (Na++K+)-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in diabetic control rats. Control and diabetic rats were treated with camel milk (250 mL/day) for a period of 45 days. A group of diabetic rats were also treated with glibenclamide (600 μg/kg body weight). After the treatment period, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the levels of glucose and increase in the levels of plasma insulin and the activities of ATPases in erythrocytes and tissues were observed in diabetic rats treated with camel milk. A similar effect is also observed in the glibenclamide treated rats. But, control rats treated with camel milk did not show any significant (p<0.05) effect in any of the parameters studied. Our study shows that camel milk has the potential to restore the deranged activities of membrane-bound ATPases in STZ-diabetic rats. Further detailed investigation is necessary to find out its mechanism of action.
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The selected pathophysiological aspects of PPARs activation

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Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) belong to a subfamily of transcription nuclear factors. Three isoforms of PPARs have been identified: alpha, ß/ and , encoded by different genes and distributed in various tissues. They play important roles in metabolic processes like regulation of glucose and lipid redistribution. They also have anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory as well as anti-hypertensive functions. In hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy, both PPARalpha and PPAR activation reveal cardio-protective effect. Despite these beneficial functions, several recent experimental reports point to the possibille unfavorable effects of PPARs activation in lipid metabolism (lipotoxicity) in cardiomyocytes, which can lead to pathologic cardiac hypertrophy in such diseases as diabetes type 2, metabolic syndrome or obesity. This paper reviews evidences and hypotheses about the new pathophysiological aspects of PPARs activation.
The incidence of diabetes type 1, a chronic autoimmune disease, may reach the status of an epidemic in the 21st century. The highest incidence of diabetes in the world is observed in Finland. However, in the last 8 years a dynamic rise has been observed in Poland, moving the country toward an intermediate level incidence classification. Environmental factors seem to play a part in the observed increase in diabetes incidence both in Poland and in the world since, by acting on genetically predisposed ground prompt to auto-aggression, they may provoke disease occurrence. The study was carried out on a group of 511 children aged 0-15 years (255 girls and 256 boys). During the period of analysis (1998-2005) almost a two-fold increase in the diabetes incidence rate was observed (1998-10.4 vs 2005-20.4). The identification of all the factors increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus type 1 shall allow for understanding of diabetes ethiopathogenesis, and thus might create a chance for development of new prevention strategies.
Microanatomical changes in the pancreatic islet cells of streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats were studied after treatment with methanolic extracts of Annona muricata leaves. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups (control, untreated diabetic group, and A. muricata-treated diabetic group) of ten rats each. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in groups B and C by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 80 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer. The control rats were intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. Daily intra peritoneal injections of 100 mg/kg A. muricata were administered to group C rats for two weeks. Post sacrifice the pancreases of the rats were excised and fixed in Bouin’s fluid. The tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections of 5 µm thickness were produced and stained with H & E, Gomori aldehyde fuchsin, and chrome alum haematoxylin-phloxine for demonstration of the β-cells of islets of pancreatic islets. Histomorphological and morphometric examination of the stained pancreatic sections showed a significant increase in the number, diameter, and volume of the β-cells of pancreatic islets of the A. muricata-treated group (5.67 ± 0.184 N/1000 µm², 5.38 ± 0.093 µm and 85.12 ± 4.24 µm³, respectively) when compared to that of the untreated diabetic group of rats (2.85 ± 0.361 N/1000 µm², 2.85 ± 0.362 µm and 69.56 ± 5.216 µm³, respectively). The results revealed regeneration of the β-cells of islets of pancreatic islet of rats treated with extract of A. muricata. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 2: 92–100)
Transplantation of the pig islets of Langerhans is considered as the future treatment for patients suffering from type I diabetes mellitus. Despite the adaptation of modified Ricordi method and highly purified collagenase, the results of pancreas digestions are precarious. Selection of proper donor and optimal digestion procedure are fundamental. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of pancreas procuring parameters on pig islets yield. The pancreata were harvested from 69 market sows weighting over 150 kg. After intraductal injection of cold collagenase solution pancreata were transported in UW solution or under conditions of two layer method (TLM). In laboratory pancreata were digested at 37℃ according to Ricordi isolation method or stationary in the bottle. The particular parameters of isolation procedure were considered as substantial. Pig weight, volume of infused collagenase solution, TLM application and pancreas dividing before digestion positively affected islet yield. Additionally, the influence of pancreatic islet tissue histomorphology on isolation outcome was studied. Proper donor selection as well as adequate digestion parameters could improve pig islet recovery during islet isolation.
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