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Reinterpretation of the North American Strobilepis spinigera Clarke 1888 from the Devonian and the find of Diadeloplax paragrapsima gen. et sp. n. from the Pennsylvanian provide the basis for the recognition of a new class of uncertain affinity, Multiplacophora. The range of the class is Middle Devonian (Erian) to Pennsylvanian (Morrowan). Multiplacophora differ from the order Hercolepadida and the classes Thambetolepida and Polyplacophora in the number, shape, and arrangement of plates; the presence of large spines; and the complexity of internal canal systems in the plates and spines.
Three species of Givetian and Frasnian trilobites have been recognized in the stromatoporoid-coral platform and Dyminy reef complex (Kowala Formation) of the southern part of the Holy Cross Mts, and two more in deeper facies of the Kostomłoty area. Representatives of the genus Scutellum, common in the shallow-water (related to carbonate buildups) associations of the Variscan Europe, are most widespread and diversified. Cyrtodechenella(?) declinans sp. n., Phacops (Chotecops) zofiae sp. n., and Scutellum mariae sp. n. are proposed.
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n the goniatite family Prionoceratidae, the transition from Mimimitoceras to Balvia provides an example of rapid size decrease resulting from progenesis. In the Prionoceras-Mimimitoceras stock the adult conch continued to be of rather uniform shape and size (about 60 mm) and species diversification was expressed mostly in changing juvenile morphology. In the Balvia branch, which had developed in the Wocklumeria Stufe, the adult size diminished strongly (not more than 16 mm). Progenetic Balvia displays conch morphology of ancestral Mimimitoceras juveniles, with distinct ornamentation types that were added terminally.
The style of embryonic development in the lingulids has changed through time; that of Recent lingulids is not primitive for the group. The shell of Devonian lingulids consists of two valves already at the embryonic stage, whereas in Recent lingulids the protegulum originates as a single plate, subsequently folded in two. The protegulum of the Devonian lingulids is a cup-shaped, subcircular plate, usually with a characteristic radial sculpture suggesting the presence of marginal setae, similar to those occurrilg in early juvenile stages of Recent discinids. Devonian protegula are 81 to 100 µm in width and thus are three times smaller than protegula of the Recent Lingula utd Glottidia, and twice as small as those of the Late Cretaceous Lingula sp. The embryonic development of lingulids underwent important modification during last 370 Ma.
Brachiopod faunas from the Devonian stromatoporoid-coral series (Kowala Formation) of the southern Holy Cross Mts comprise at least 60 species, atrypids and ambocoeliid spiriferids being the most common. Largely monospecific bottom-level pioneer assemblages colonized intershoal and open shelf environments of the Late Givetian Sitkówka bank complex to the Frasnian Dyminy reef complex, and some lagoonal habitats of the older Givetian Stringocephalus bank. The associations dwelling organic buildups were more diverse and specialized. Faunal dynamics of the brachiopods were controlled primarily by eustatic cycles and the evolution of the carbonate shelf. Generally this was a four-step succession from the stringocephalid to the ambocoeliid, atrypid (or cyrtospiriferid), and rhynchonellid faunas. Twenty two species are reviewed,Praewaagenoconcha(?) sobolevi sp. n., Desquamatia globosa aequiconvexa subsp. n., and D. g. sitkowkensis ssp. n. are proposed. Two poorly-known species of Gürich (1896), Tenticospirifer lagoviensis and Ilmenia(?) elatior, are redescribed.
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Devonian phoebodont shark teeth

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Shark teeth of the phoebodont type are the most common and diverse group of Upper Devonian ichthyoliths in the pelagic facies of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland), South Urals and Timan (Russia). They were also found in the Givetian of Kuznetsk Basin (western Siberia). The morphology and function of tooth apparatus of Phoebodus was possibly similar to that of the recent shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus. A significant loss of diversity and relative productivity has been observed among the phoebodonts in the earliest Famennian. A new genus, Omalodus gen. n., and three new species of Phoebodus, Ph. bifurcatus sp. n., Ph. fastigatus sp. n. and Ph. turnerae sp. n. are proposed.
The small solitary coral dominated, Grypophyllum-Chostophyllum association, a pioneer coral community, is widely distributed at the base of the Givetian Burdekin Formation of north Queensland in the mixed arkose-carbonate sediments. It is succeeded by fasciculate coral dominated, Dendrostella trigemne association, which is mainly associated with wackestone or bioclastic calcirudite of inner shelf, lagoonal or protected environments. The Australophyllum-Sanidophyllum association, Blysmatophyllunt-Iotuaphgllum schlueteri association, and Spongophgllstm association, all dominated by in situ, large massive coral colonies, formed biostromal deposits on the margins of the basin. They developed in nearshore environments during the maximum flooding in the region. The Aphyllum salmoni-Stringophgllum (Neospongophyllum) bipartitum association indicates relatively deeper, mid-outer shelf environments connected with maximum flooding in the depocentre and least terrigenous influx. The massive coral dominated Endophyllum columna-Stringophyllum (Stringophyllum) isactis association, developed in the initial regressive phase, forms a distinctive biostromal unit at the top of the Burdekin Formation. The Lekanophyllum association developed at the base of the Cultivation Gully Formation in a very shallow nearshore environment with a large terrigendus influx as a result of the basin wide, relatively rapid regression. It is characterised by the abundant occurrence of solitary corals and large sized, cerioid Endophyllum columna, which often formed micro-atolls. Rugose corals were better adapted than stromatoporoids to survive of mud inllux.
Stromatoporoids have been measured in three Upper Devonian localities in the Holy Cross Mountains: Karwów, Kadzielnia and Sitkówka-Kowala quaries. Quantitative analysis of the measurements demonstrated several differences, that have been interpreted in terms of ecological variations between the localities. Rate of deposition is proposed to be of special importance in controlling the stromatoporoid morphology. Deposits exposed in Kadzielnia and Karwów quarries represent an environment with periodically accelerating deposition and water turbidity, where low domical individuals with a ragged surface and non-enveloping arrangement of latilaminae constitute the most numerous group of stromatoporoids. The deposits outcropping in Sitkówka-Kowala quarry, formed in a calm setting with low deposition rate, are charactenzed by following stromatoporoid features: usually extended domical or bulbous shape, smooth surface and an enveloping arrangement of latilaminae. The similarity of stomatoporoid assemblages from Karwów and Kadzielnia confirmed, that dolomites exposed in the Karwów quarry represent Kadzielnia-type reef-mound deposits.
A new atrypid Waiotrypa sulcicarina gen. et sp. n. from the late Frasnian of the Holy Cross Mountains is proposed. The new genus is close to Iowatrypa Copper, 1973 from which it differs mainly in having a keeled pedicle valve and sulcate brachial valve. Waiotrypa is one of the latest atrypids prior to extinction of the order at the end of the Frasnian.
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Devonian athyridoid brachiopods with double spiralia

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A double-spired athyridoid, morphologically transitional between Early Devonian Helenathyris and Late Devonian Biernatella has been identified in the Givetian of the Holy Cross Mts., Poland. It appears that in the course of evolution between these brachiopods dental plates and cardinal plate atrophied. The biernatellids may have developed a diplospiralium independently of Triassic diplospirellids. They originated either from the Siluro-Devonian lineage represented by Coelospira, Anoplotheca, Bifida and Kayseria or, more likely, they can be derived from their pre-Devonian common ancestors. Biernatellids were probably well adapted to environments with a poor supply of food. Eobiernatella rackii gen. et sp. n., Biernatella ovalis sp. n., and B. lentiformis sp. n. are proposed.
The Givetian and Frasnian strata of the Holy Cross Mountains, including chiefly biostromal sequence of the Kowala Formation, and the Dziewki Limestone of the Silesian Upland, yielded nine benthic and seven planktic tentaculite species. The tentaculites reveal strong affinities with coeval faunas of the East European Platform, and only two species from the oldest Givetian units (Stringocephalus-bearing strata), namely Homoctenus hanusi and Nowakia postotomari, are known primarily from the European Variscan belt. Stylioline succession allows recognition of the Middle/Late Devonian boundary in pelagic facies of the Kostomłoty area.
A new species of the poorly known lingulate brachiopod Schizobolus is described from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of Poland. S. polonicus sp. n. has a triangular pedicle notch and a small listrium, indicating that it belongs to the Trematidae within the superfamily Discinoidea. S. polonicus retains some linguloid features, such as a linguloid-like 'pedicle groove' and a V-shaped imprint of the pedicle nerve. The disturbance band, which occurs in the apical part of the larval shell, probably delimits two stages of growth, namely pre-larval (embryonic?) and larval, or, early-larval and late-larval. S. polonicus is the youngest member of the genus, and of the family Trematidae. Five incompletely preserved discinids from the Famennian of Łagów are described as Trematidae gen. et sp. indet.
The Kowala section situated in the southern part of the Holy Cross Mountains represents continuous sedimentation in almost the same facies across the Devonian-Carboniferous (D-C) transition. The D-C boundary has been identified about two meters above the top of the cephalopod nodular limestone with Wocklumeria. In the transitional deposits of the latest Famennian (Prothognathodus kockeli Zone) several faunally distinct units that correspond to relative sea level changes in the area have been identified. Ostracods are abundant in the Kowala sequence. Their assemblages contain well known index species and new ones of the Thuringian and Entomozoacean ecotypes. A total of 15 probably planktonic entomozoaceans, and 64 benthic species have been identified. Healdia shangquii sp. n. and Mauryella polonica sp. n. are proposed. A major change in the ostracod fauna takes place above the limestone with Wocklumeria within the transitional interval represented by clays and claystones with tuffites in its middle part. Thuringian and Entomozoacean ecotype ostracods disappear and are replaced by more shallow water 'exotic' assemblaged ominated by Healdia, Mauryella and Monoceratina species. In the early Tournaisian rocks Thuringian-, Entomozoacean- and Bairdin-type ostracods reappear with some of the same species as before, and with new Carboniferous index taxa.
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Givetian and Frasnian crinoid faunas of the Holy Cross Mts and Silesia-Cracow Region are arranged in fourteen assemblages. Their diversity decreases generally from northern to southern regions reflecting crinoid habitat differentiation during either platform or reef phases of facies development. Distributional patterns are superimposed on a six-step general succession of the faunas which was mainly controlled by environmental changes related to eustatic cycles. Nine crinoid species have been identified by calyces, thirteen species are based on stems attributed to calyx genera, and forty-eight kinds of columnals, probably representing distinct species, are classified within artificial supraspecific units. Of them thirteen are new: Anthinocrinus brevicostatus sp. n., Asperocrinus brevispinosus sp. n., Calleocrinus bicostatus sp. n., Calleocrinus kielcensis sp. n., Exaesiodiscus compositus sp. n., Kasachstanocrinus tenuis sp. n., Laudonomphalus pinguicostatus sp. n., Noctuicrinus? varius sp. n., Ricebocrinus parvus sp. n., Schyschcatocrinus delicatus sp. n., Schyschcatocrinus multiformis sp. n., Stenocrinus raricostatus sp. n., and Urushicrinus perbellus sp. n.
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