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The purpose of the study was to identify the role of commune selfgovernment in sustainable development of environmentally valuable areas in the Lublin Province. The study was based on the review of the literature in the area and the author’s reflections based on her studies on the functioning of commune self-governments located in environmentally valuable areas which she carried out in 2013 in 30 communes. The realisation of sustainable commune development is possible due to the policy of sustainable development. One of the integral elements of this policy is environmental policy, apart from economic and social policies. Commune self-governments that have been examined in the Lublin Province with reference to their realisation of policy of sustainable development concentrated mainly on environmental policy. They did not support pro-ecological companies sufficiently enough, which was not conducive to the improvement of environmental competitiveness of the communes. The main challenge for implementing the policy of sustainable developement by particular commune self-governments which are environmentally valuable is the activation of cooperation mechanisms aimed at improving environmental competitiveness of the communes.
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One of the key factors of rural areas development promotion is the effective local governing institutions’ activity and entrepreneurship development through collaboration with entrepreneurs from the EU. The increase of effectiveness and realization of regional development strategy in the context of European norms and traditions is one of the most important means of poor developed territory protection under the conditions of globalization and European integration.
Article deals with the problem of rural development from the perspective of service provision with an emphasis on core/basic services. It identifies roles of sectors in service delivery and conceptualizes devolution of responsibilities between them. Based on identifi ed roles and responsibilties, article presents different forms of partnerships between sectors. Discussion leads to construction of typology table for services according to activity type, consumer contact, service market, profit orientation of a partner, service urgency and contract arrangements. The use of the table is demonstrated by practical examples of selected services.
The subject of the article is regional policy in Poland conducted according to the principles governing the European Union cohesion policy. The author addresses especially the key issues of regional policy, defines its objectives and instruments as well as the main models. The discussion provides the background for the subsequent analysis of the current and future shape of regional policy implemented in Poland. The aim of the article is cognitive and pointing to the changes of directions and character of activities aiming at working out the proper development strategy for Poland, in compliance with the European Union directives but also meeting the needs of regions on different levels. Regional policy currently pursued in Poland and based on the idea of the European Union cohesion policy aims at creating the system of planning and management of spatial management integrated with the main tendency of socioeconomic planning. The condition enabling conscious space development is possessing and using appropriate legislative, administrative, organizational, promotional, information and other instruments. Polands regional policy conducted within the frame of common cohesion policy and targeting common objectives is financially supported by the EU funds and financial means from the Cohesion Fund. The shape of regional policy in Poland is determined by the striving to identify strong regions which would be able to push the economic development of the country strengthening at the same time less innovative regions. Polish regional policy included in the EU development programmes is using the instruments adjusted to the individual properties of regions, where the leading player is a region characterized by a considerable autonomy in this respect affecting the way in which the existing pro-development possibilities are used. Such solution of the planning and implementation of development policy draws Poland closer to contemporary concepts of regional development theory, showing the region as an autonomous, socio-economic system, creating a vision of development and evaluated for its effectiveness. The future shape of Polish regional policy will depend on such concepts which emphasize the role of regions, ascribing them a growing importance in the national development policy.
This article focuses on an analysis of factors that have influenced structural change in Polish agriculture since 1989. The Republic of Poland was the only CEE country, pre-1989, which had 70% of its agricultural land in private hands. This turned out not to be a development asset as there were mostly small subsistence farms (ca 70%) at the core of Polish agriculture. This resulted in much of the rural area (except for that located in the vicinity of cities or renowned tourist centres) being dependant, to a large extent on both low-productive agriculture and agricultural policies. Now, after almost 25 years of transformation, structural change in agriculture (and rural areas) is slowing down as a result of EU Common Agricultural and National policies. The agrarian structure, dominated by subsistence farms, remains stable (average farm size below 10 hectares, in some South-Eastern regions NUTS 2 below 5 hectares). As a result rural areas are still in need of a deep restructuring and a modernization of economic structures.
The objective of this article is an assessment of SMEs’ support policy in the management of repayable financing at the regional, national and international level. To achieve the assumed goals, the analysis of issues pointed in the article was based on non-reactive research. This analysis considered the data from the normative acts, statistics but also reports and analyzes published by the business institutions such as The National Association of Guarantee Funds or Polish Union of Loan Funds. After the study of the presented issues had been carried out, it turned out that current practices formulated in the area of funding programs should be verified. It seems that the most significant problem of financial areas in the EU in 2007-2013 is an excessive number of available funding programs and too big fragmentation of public institutions offering such support to SMEs. It has to be also highlighted that aforementioned factors of the institutional system of SMEs financing may have a smaller potential than they should.
Subject and purpose of work: This paper discusses the essence and main areas of conditions of local development in the context of the political transformations which have occurred in Poland over the last thirty years. Against this background, an attempt was made to differentiate between the conditions and factors of local development. The purpose of this work is to seek, considering different ways of defining local development and as part of different developmental models, a distinction and consistency between the essence of the concept of “conditions of development” and the concept of “factors of development” and to indicate the universality of general conditions for development at all levels of a country’s territorial division. Materials and methods: This paper draws on the author’s own thoughts and a critical analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as documents relating to the practical shaping of the strategy and development policy in Poland. It presents the basic ways of defining local development and the model approach to development processes and characterises the main conditions of Poland’s socio-economic development over the last thirty years. Results: It was determined that in the literature conditions of development are often identified with factors of development, which is not justified. It was determined that conditions constitute a certain potential which determines the possibilities for the progress of developmental processes, whereas granting a driving force to these possibilities transforms them into developmental factors for a given area. The general conditions of a country’s development also define the conditions of development at the lower levels of territorial division. Conclusions: In the context of the growing role of local development programming and planning, it is important to differentiate between the concepts of “conditions” and “factors” of local development. Local development is shaped by both the overall conditions and factors of development of a country, and the specific local conditions and factors. The effective implementation of local development programmes and strategies requires the skill to convert development conditions into factors.
The article is an attempt at demonstrating the grounds for using controlling as a method of management in local self-government units. It poinys to a necessary improvement in he efficiency of these units operation and to relations between the generated results and planning and controlling processes, the use of which has been particularly emphasized in this method. It contains comments on changes required in the local self-government units.
The rate of development of rural areas is not satisfactory both in light of the existing needs and of the expectations of the rural population. It is not possible to make up fast for delays in Poland's civilisational development in relation to the advanced EU countries. This process takes time and requires patience and respect for the rule that "tough" economic and infrastruc­ture parameters are not the only determinants of the chances of individual communes. Another important determinant is "social capital".
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