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The concept of offshore wind power plants has been well developed in many European countries. There is no such thing as design of offshore wind power plants according to national tradition. The main problem is the lack of standards and guidelines. Ones being applied are Scandinavian or American methods which are not fully adapted to the conditions of the Baltic Sea. The article focuses on the monopile design, as it is currently the most often used type of offshore power plants foundation. The results from analysis, according to standard wind turbine monopile design methods, were compared with the results obtained from the Kosecki’s method. The geometry analyzed in the article goes beyond the scope of defined geometrical and technological coefficients used to determine the stiffness of spring supports. The adopted stages of the analysis allowed to determine the limit of applicability of the Kosecki’s method for monopiles loaded horizontally.
The paper presents the principles of planning and designing selected elements of agricultural roads to be built on uplands located within protected areas. Special attention is paid the problem of localization of a road and choice of size of geometric elements. Various surface technologies, both presently applied and suggested to be used on local and internal roads are also discussed.
The deterioration of the natural environment in the cities and the awareness of multi-faceted benefits from 'green' urban investments led to a new view of the areas covered by vegetation, especially wooded spaces in urban areas. They are now more and more seen as 'one of the main catalysts of urban regeneration, adhesives, which can tie together fragmented elements of modern growth processes into strong structures that can act as stimulators of investments, which in turn will encourage to internal development' (Simson, 2005). This assessment is the result of joint findings of scientists from 21 European countries and was made after analysing many examples of urban development in different countries and successful innovative urban investments in which green areas were the priority issues stimulating the growth. It was stated that the implementation of investments in this light can serve as an inspiration to revive the activity and free social initiatives, particularly in the areas of economic stagnation. New understanding of the role of the natural environment is a challenge for landscape architects and specialists in all related professions (arborists, gardeners, foresters, etc.) and for spatial planners to prepare relevant information materials aimed at both professionals and citizens. It is also necessary to develop appropriate legal instruments and organisational and technical tools in the form of guidebooks and standards based on new knowledge for the creation of conditions for the implementation of a new method of shaping the cities according to the vision of the 21st century in practice. These are urgent actions requiring consolidation of the whole professional environment and close cooperation with authorities and the local community. This is extremely important because, despite the more broadly understood importance of green spaces in the spatial structure of cities, economic categories enclosed within the narrow limits of profits and losses are still predominate in today's thinking of decision-makers. This means that the budget funds for the development and maintenance of green areas are cut in the first place, treated not as a value, but only as a burden and a field generating expenses from a limited pool of municipal budgets. In the face of this situation the Institute of Spatial Management and Housing (IGPiM) have undertaken a number of studies in order to identify the factors stimulating and limiting the development of urban green areas by using the SWOT analysis (Sitarski et al., 2011). Multi-disciplinary studies on the impacts of green areas on the condition of the urban environment, including the local climate and the change of elements of this environment in areas of strong pressure of communication nuisance, were also conducted (Szczepanowska (ed.) et al., 1984). A method was developed for determining the value of trees on the background of vast studies of the methodology of valuating urban wooded areas in many European and non-European countries. Materials for improving the investment activity, including the protection and development of the natural environment, in line with the New Charter of Athens are also being prepared. This paper aims at implementing the priorities set out here for practical use. These issues will be presented in the second part of the article discussing the problems of the new presentation of green areas in the spatial structure of urban areas.
Центральным бюро проектирования и изысканий в области сельского строительства БИСПРОЛЬ были разработаны инструкции по модернизации типовых построек, основанных на оценках значения технологических функций и структурных факторов и их влияния на пригодность помещений для овец. Инструкции предусматривают в первую осередь: - обеспечение тепла в помещениях, - рационализацию их вентиляции, - изменения в некоторых случаях системы содержания с бесподстилочного на подстилочный тип и применение различного технологического оснащения. На рис. 1-3 приводятся примеры модернизации построек. Собранные информации, проведенные оценки и подробные выводы составили базу для разработки модельных построек, отдельно для возрастных групп овцематок. Они учитывают новейший опыт в области технологии выращивания животных и помещений для живого инвентаря и предусмотрены для внедрения после 1985 г. Исследуемое оснащение легко доступное на рынке и несложные методы строительства найдут применение в новых проектах. Предусмотрено максимальное сокращение потребления строительных материалов, таких как бетон, сталь и этернит. На рисунках 4-10 приводятся примеры некоторых новых решений.
Trees4Future is an Integrative European Research Infrastructure project that aims to integrate, develop and improve major Forest Genetics and Forestry Research Infrastructures. It will provide the wider European forestry research community with easy and comprehensive access to currently scattered sources of information (including genetic databanks, forest modelling tools and wood technology labs) and associated expertise. This will help forestry researchers and the European forestry sector to respond, in a sustainable manner, to increasing demands for wood products and services in the context of genetic adaptation and changing climatic conditions. It will create a new and better linked Research Infrastructure that will optimize the short- and long-term exploitation of forest resources by increasing knowledge of, for example, the adaptation of forests to climate change, and the tree characteristics suitable for a tailor-made wood supply.
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