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Sediment segregation on weirs of lowland rivers

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Erosion and accumulation processes in the vicinity of water structures develop depending on the life of the facility, hydrological regime and morphology of the riverbed. Diversification of fl ow characteristics affects the segregation of bed sediment on section of period of weirs. Knowledge of factors determining granulometric diversity of bottom material allows for more appropriate bed and riverbanks protections design. It also enables estimation of the conditions of sediment transport down the watercourse and its participation in the balance of the transport of bottom material in the watercourse. Areas where sediment accumulates on the water structures are up water and down water positions, stilling basin and other cavities of the structure. The article presents an analysis of granulometric composition of bottom material in selected lowland weirs. Research facilities are weirs located on lowland rivers. Segregation of sediment material was observed on weir sections. Thickest sediment is piled in up water, smallest in down water.
Material fluxes in the Arctic and Antarctic have been, in several respects, strongly affected recently. For example, atmospheric turbidity conditions are frequently subject to strong changes due to haze and dust transport episodes, which can cause considerable perturbations in the radiation balance of the atmosphere beyond regional scale. This, directly or indirectly, contributes to the increased mercury deposition and organic matter fluxes to sediments. The results show that local emissions are not always the most important factors influencing the composition of aerosol in the atmosphere of the west Spitsbergen region. The direct radiative impact of polar aerosols on the surface and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) need to be studied more closely through both theoretical studies on the aerosol radiative properties and measurements of the surface reflectance characteristics. Mercury dissolved/solid partitioning, both in the unconsolidated, fluffy layer of suspended matter covering the sediments, and the uppermost sediment layer, indicate that the influence of the athmospheric mercury deposition event (AMDE) can prolong well into summer (July/August), and can provide a pathway to the food chain for mercury contained in sediments. Since terrigenous supplies of organic carbon to the Barents Sea are minor (∼5%) compared to the marine supply, modern sediment deposits in this region sequester on average 6.0 g/m2year organic carbon, or 5.8% of the annual integrated pelagic primary production. This burial fraction exceeds, by a factor of 3, the burial fraction derived for the Holocene.
The deposition of acidifying compounds in Gdask region has been investigated. Bulk wet (in the open field), and through­fall (in the forest) stand, depositions were measured from 1994 till 2001. The deposition of sul­phates, nitrates and ammonium salts has been analysed. The obtained results are compared with the critical depo­sition for sulphur and nitrogen related to the Gdask region. It has been stated that exceeding critical load was not observed for sulphur, while it was ob­served for nitrogen.
In order to describe the role of sedimentary processes for the phosphorus (P) cycle in the open Baltic Proper, P deposition and reflux were quantified for the predominately anoxic sediments of the Eastern Gotland Basin. The study is based on investigations of 53 surface sediment samples and pore water samples from 8 sediment cores. The average P deposition rate was estimated at 0.20 g±0.18 g m−2 yr−1, the fluctuation being due to variable bulk sediment deposition rates. P refluxes were estimated by applying Fick’s First Law of Diffusion. A fairly good positive correlation between sedimentary P deposition and P release was obtained. P release from sediments by diffusion exceeds net P deposition by a factor of 2. This suggests that 2/3 of the deposited gross P is recycled in the sediments and released back into the water column; only 1/3 remains in the sediment permanently. A budget calculation demonstrates that the released dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) accounts for the observed increase in DIP concentrations in the deep water during periods of stagnation, which is noticeable even at the surface P concentrations. Under such conditions and with the present remediation conditions it is not possible to freely manage P concentrations in the water column on short time scales.
Intracranial physiological calcifications are unaccompanied by any evidence of disease and have no demonstrable pathological cause. They are often due to calcium and sometimes iron deposition in the blood vessels of different structures of the brain. Computed tomography (CT) is the most sensitive means of detection of these calcifications. The aim of this study was the assessment of intracranial physiological calcifications in adults. We studied 1569 cases ranging in age from 15 to 85 in Tabriz Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran. These patients had a history of head trauma and their CT scan did not show any evidence of pathological findings. The structures evaluated consisted of (A) the pineal gland, (B) the choroid plexus, (C) the habenula, (D) the basal ganglia, (E) the tentorium cerebelli, sagittal sinus and falx cerebri, (F) vessels and (G) lens and other structures which could be calcified. Of the 1569 subjects, 71.0% had pineal calcification, 66.2% had choroid plexus calcification, 20.1% had habenular calcification, 7.3% had tentorium cerebelli, sagittal sinus or falx cerebri calcifications, 6.6% had vascular calcification, 0.8% had basal ganglia calcification and 0.9% had lens and other non-defined calcifications. In general, the frequency of intracranial physiological calcifications was greater in men than in women. All types of calcification increased at older ages except for lens and other non-defined calcifications. We evaluated all the cranial structures and determined percentages for all types of intracranial physiological calcification. These statistics can be used for comparing physiological and pathological intracranial calcifications. Moreover, these statistics may be of interest from the clinical perspective and are potentially of clinical use.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of organic macrodetritus deposited on the sandy shores of the southern Baltic,an d to determine the type of washout material and their chemical composition (carbon and nitrogen). Over 900 samples of macrodetritus (particles retained on a 0.5 mm sieve) were collected from seven sampling locations along a 120 km stretch of coastline in Poland at monthly intervals in 2002. Analysis of the C and N content of several categories of detritus supplied information about seasonal changes in and the ageing of algal debris,an d indicated that the amount of carrion is constant; the latter is apparently always metabolised very rapidly. The annual deposition of macroalgal detritus on this coast was estimated at 15 000 tonnes fresh weight,t hat is around 75% of the primary production of filamentous macroalgae in Puck Bay. In comparison with the amounts of kelp deposited on sandy beaches in South Africa (Griffiths & Stenton-Dozey 1981),t he massive seaweed washouts on Mediterranean beaches (Morand & Briand 1996),or the deposition of algal mats in the northern Baltic (Norkko & Bonsdorff 1996a),t he quantities of macrodetritus on the shore in the study area are average,ev en allowing for the fact that the Baltic Sea is highly eutrophic (HELCOM 2005).
A GIS (Geographical Information System) based study on deposition in the North Sea – Baltic Sea transition area has been carried out. The study is based on (i) a digital bathymetry model, (ii) 93 available 210Pb/137Cs sedimentation rate estimations, (iii) grain-size distributions, organic matter, C, N and P content of 64 top 1 cm sediment samples from the study area, and (iv) GIS-based modelling of resuspension potentials based on wind statistics. With the use of regression statistics on depth, resuspension potential and sediment characteristics, results are extrapolated area-wide from the 64 sampling positions. The area is divided into sediment types and classified as accumulation or erosion/transport bottoms. Model results show good agreement with existing maps of sediment distributions, indicating that the sediment distribution is governed to a large extent by windinduced waves. Correlations of sediment types, their deposition rates and their N and P contents were used to estimate spatial deposition rates. In all, the yearly deposition in the study area amounts to 2.8 million tons of organic matter, 0.14 million tons of total nitrogen, and 0.035 million tons of total phosphorus. Correlations of sediment types and dry bulk densities were used to infer spatial inventories of organic matter and total nitrogen and phosphorus in the top 1 cm of the sediments. A total of 100 million tons of organic matter, 4 million tons of total nitrogen, and 0.019 million tons of total phosphorus are contained in the top 1 cm of the sediments in the study area. In general, the deep parts of the study area with low resuspension potentials act as sinks for the fine-grained sediments and their associated particulate nutrients.
Our paper presents the results of the integrated assessment modelling of environmental and human health impacts of emissions in Poland. The analysis was performed based on the so-called National Scenario. The estimated emission levels of SO₂, NOx, and PMs for 2020 were used as the input data to model ambient concentrations and depositions of these pollutants. Exceedances of critical loads of acidity caused by nitrogen and sulphur depositions were calculated. External costs associated with human health impacts of air pollution were estimated. Additionally, ambient concentration of gaseous and particulate Hg were modelled based on 2005 EMEP emissions data. The main part of the analysis was carried out using the Eulerian Chemistry Transport Model POLAIR3D
Still very much terra incognita, grain shape has the potential to evaluate sedimentary transport, provenance, and depositional environments. There are several standard measures of grain shape. The results revealed that, the soil is non-uniformly graded with tortuous pore geometry due to overlaying layers, even though the grain size varied from granular grained size to medium grained. Therefore the soil under study is not easily moved by transporting medium. Also, there is significant effect of redox potential (ORP) on the electron availability of nitrate and the tested heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cu) were below detection limit of analytical equipment. The least reduced conditions occurred in stations; 2 (control), 3, 6, 15, 18 and 19 with minimum values of 99 to 110 mv. The absence of significant fungi populations in the soil indicates that the soils have no potential to biodegrade hydrocarbons when they are released into the environment.
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