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Glucocorticoids play an important role in general growth and the maintenance of bone mass in the skeleton. Steroid therapy induces bone loss and influences the transcription of some regulatory factors determining the ratio of bone turnover. Glucocorticoids increase bone resorption and decrease bone formation which leads to diminishing bone mass and bone mineral density. Osteoporosis is globally one of the most common metabolic bone diseases, and has increasingly been recognized as being a major public health issue. Glucocorticoids increase the risk of rib and limb bone fractures by modifying and decreasing bone quality. Glucocorticoids are very often used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs for serious rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases in large groups of young children, and Glucocorticoids therapy is also used for children and youth having asthma as well as being administered during pregnancy in order to improve lung morphology in premature fetuses. No glucocorticoid drugs which would act without negative side effects are currently available. This review presents the mechanisms of glucocorticoid action based on the latest research and newest factors controlling bone remodeling such as osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin-ligands.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dexamethasone injections on changes in seminal plasma testosterone and oestradiol-17b concentration and biochemical characteristics in stallions following endotoxin administration. Three clinically healthy stallions were infused intravenously with endotoxin (LPS) from Escherichia coli 055:B5 at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg b.w.; while four stallions were treated with dexamethasone (0.069 mg/kg b.w., IM) 10 min before the administration of LPS. Endotoxin administration elicited (24h-9 weeks after LPS administration) a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in seminal plasma testosterone (T) and an increase in oestradiol-17β E₂β concentration. Administering endotoxin also influenced the seminal plasma biochemical components including total protein (TPR), albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (CHOL) concentration, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in TPR, ALB, and AST was noted. Dexamethason administration (DEX) had a different effect on endotoxin and induced testosterone and oestradiol-17β changes in the seminal plasma and biochemical quality of the stallion’s semen. DEX treatment had no influence on T, E₂β. The positive influence of DEX was noticed in TPR and AST. The negative influence of administering LPS+DEX in the group of stallions which only received LPS was noted particularly in ALB and CHOL.
The experiment was carried out on 34 calves from birth (day 0) to 18 days of age. ACTH secretion stimulation was performed on 18 calves using arginino-vasopressine AVP Sigma, given intramuscular at a dose of 0.1 IU/kg of body weight. ACTH secretion inhibition was conducted on 16 calves by means of dexamethasone Dexaven Polfa, administered intravenously at a dose of 50 µg/kg of body weight. The hormones were administered on 0, 3, 7, 12 and 18 days after birth. Blood samples were collected between 8.00 to 8.30 a.m. The levels of ACTH and cortisol were determined in sera of the animals. The hypophysis-adrenal cortex system in calves was found to be capable of a full feedback reaction from the second week of life.
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