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Akwizycja obrazów kompostu realizowana na specjalnie do tego przeznaczonym stanowisku pomiarowym jest procesem skomplikowanym i podatnym na różnego rodzaju zakłócenia. Wynikają one nie tylko z natury samego procesu, ale także z wad jakimi obarczona jest aparatura pomiarowa. W pracy przeanalizowano główne czynniki determinujące jakość pozyskiwanych obrazów kompostu.
Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations worldwide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. Therefore the early detection and identification of such events are paramount in monitoring the spread of influenza viruses. Transfer of influenza A viruses from animal hosts to man may lead to the emergence of new human pandemic strains. The aim of the study was to prove the matrix gene useful for reverse transcription nested-PCR as sensitive and specific for the detection of swine influenza A viruses in clinical samples. 75 RNA-virus positive samples out of 235 samples, including nasal swabs, lung tissues and whole blood samples, were detected by RT-n-PCR. Using conventional virology method we isolated 33 SIV strains in embryonated chicken SPF eggs. The results of PCR were 100% in agreement with those of virus isolation. The limit of detection of SIV was 10-7 EID50/0.1 ml. These results demonstrate the usefulness of RT-n-PCR for the detection and identification of influenza A virus in clinical material.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the application of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and western-blotting for serological diagnostics of glanders. Six commercial Burkholderia mallei antigens, eight anti-B. mallei sera and two negative sera were used in the study. In the first part of the study electrophoretic profiles of antigens in SDS-PAGE were determined at a gradient of 4% to 20% of polyacrylamide gel. Optimal conditions of western-blotting reaction were determined. In the case of all examined antigens and anti-B. mallei sera, the presence of protein fractions in the range from 42 to 33 kDa and one band of the molecular weight of 16 kDa were demonstrated by immunoblotting reaction. Additional bands of the different molecular weight were also observed. The antigens examined did not show reaction with negative sera. In the next part of the study, a sensitivity of the western-blotting method and the CFT were compared. The western-blotting method was two - four times more sensitive than the CFT.
The aim of the study was to use real time RT-PCR for the detection of genetic material of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 and type 3 in serum and milk samples. Material tested included the fetal calf serum used for cell culture, serum samples from healthy calves and from calves experimentally inoculated with BVDV type 1 and type 3, and milk samples (pasteurized and treated with ultra high temperature). Sensitivity of the test was 200 copies of RNA per reaction (10⁵ viral RNA copies per ml) for both types of BVDV, using dedicated primers and standards. Detection limit was 10² tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID₅₀) and 1 TCID₅₀ for type 1 and type 3, respectively. Diagnostic specificity of the method was 100%. Out of 10 samples of milk, 3 were positive for BVDV type 1, while none was positive for type 3. On the other hand, BVDV type 3 was found in 6 out of 10 samples of fetal calf serum. Real Time RT-PCR for BVDV type 1 and type 3 proved to be a highly sensitive and highly specific technique, enabling the detection of viral genetic material in various samples, even when its detection by virus isolation or antigen ELISA tests is impossible because of virus inactivation by such processes as high temperature, gamma irradiation, or the presence of virus neutralizing antibodies.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from the family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus, exists in the form of seven different serotypes: O, A, C, Asia 1 and SAT 1-3. Infection with one serotype does not confer immunity against another. Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the greatest threats to animal health in European countries. The rapid and accurate detection of FMDV is of the utmost importance. The RT-PCR assay was used to detect the presence of FMDV in samples. Positive results of the RT-PCR assay were found in all samples and in the positive control, the negative control reacted negatively. No cytopathic effects in primary bovine thyroid cells were observed in 2 samples that had been thawed several times. The reference strains of FMDV was used to determine the sensitivity of the test. The sensitivity of RT-PCR for detection of FMDV (serotype O, A) was 1 TCID₅₀ and 10 TCID₅₀ (serotype C, Asia 1) by gel electrophoresis.
This paper discusses important issues that have to be taken into account in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious animal diseases, particularly swine diseases. Some of the most fundamental issues are standardization and harmonization of diagnostic tests in the international scale. Different approaches to test selection are related to the etiology of the infectious disease. The paper mentions diseases caused by one pathogen, diseases of multifactorial etiology and subclinical infections. The importance of a disease-free herd is underlined - particularly for eradication and the possibility of exporting animals. The difference between qualitative and quantitative results is defined. The number of samples used and the gold standard, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests are characterized. The DIVA strategy is mentioned. The value of laboratory diagnosis in dealing with disease syndromes and infections caused by facultativly pathogenic microorganisms is described. Limitations of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of infectious swine diseases are also enumerated.
The aim of the presented research was to evaluate AmpFI STR MiniFilerTM kit from Applied Biosystems from the point of its reliability, limitations and usefulness in forensic genetics. Amplification products were detected in fluorescence-based automated genetic analyzer, whereas alleles were defined on the basis of the size of the internal standard. During the validation, the following parameters were determined: detection threshold and threshold determination, linearity and measuring range and sensitivity of the method. The reliable results were obtained in the range of concentrations from 2.00 ng to 0.03125 ng of template DNA in the sample. The method has a high detection rate of alleles, also in the range of 0.0625 ng to 2.0 ng of template DNA were full DNA profile. The case of “drop out” of individual alleles and the entire system for the content of 0.03125 ng of template DNA in the sample were observed. Mini Kit Filer is suitable for pure research profiles or mixtures. To a lesser extent it is suitable for the trace analysis of contact because of its high sensitivity.
The aim of this study was to examine the essential validation parameters of a solid-phase competition ELISA (SPCE) assay for the serological detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibody serotypes A, O and Asia 1. The sensitivity of the SPCE was calculated from the results of testing positive sera from convalescent and vaccinated cattle. The highest sensitivity of assay (>99% for all FMDV types) was found at PI 41-50 but implementation of a cut-off level above PI 50 resulted in a decrease of ELISA sensitivity. The specificity of SPCE was examined by testing 760 samples of FMDV-negative field sera collected from healthy, neither infected nor previously vaccinated cattle. In contrast to the sensitivity, an increase in ELISA specificity was observed in tested successive PI ranges and 100% was achieved at PI 61-70. The accuracy of assay was determined by the estimation of repeatability and reproducibility of results. These were performed using a panel of reference sera distributed by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRL FMD) for the purpose of Phase XVIII collaborative studies. Repeatability and reproducibility were expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) by analyzing the results of tested reference sera. In case of reproducibility, the CVs for 9 of 10 tested sera ranged from 6.6 to 9.8%. The results of reproducibility were more variable - CVs for all reference sera were generally higher and for two samples (weak positive for FMDV serotype A) they exceeded the acceptable maximum limit.
Определили сосуществование 381 результата проб молока, исследуемого методом Уайтсайда, содержащего консервирующее средство в виде глицерина и борной кислоты. Для сравнительных целей исследовали те же самые пробы без консервирующего средства. Отметили, что сосуществование совпадающих результатов видно было в 61,4%. Процент несовпадающих 38,6% реакции охватывал 15,2% мнимо отрицательных результатов и 23,4% заниженных результатов. Отметили, что молоко с добавкой глицерино-борного консерванта не пригодно к оценке в пробе Уайтсайда. Наличие консервирующего средства может вести к ошибочной оценке нормальности молока, неправильной интерпретации состояния здоровья молочных желез коров и осложнять борьбу с маститом.
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