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Lanthanides, also called rare-earth elements, are an interesting group of 15 chemically active, mainly trivalent, f-electronic, silvery-white metals. In fact, lanthanides are not as rare as the name implies, except for promethium, a radioactive artificial element not found in nature. The mean concentrations of lanthanides in the earth's crust are comparable to those of life-important elements like iodine, cobalt and selenium. Many lanthanide compounds show particular magnetic, catalytic and optic properties, and that is why their technical applications are so extensive. Numerous industrial sources enable lanthanides to penetrate into the human body and therefore detailed toxicological studies of these metals are necessary. In the liver, gadolinium selectively inhibits secretion by Kupffer cells and it decreases cytochrome P450 activity in hepatocytes, thereby protecting liver cells against toxic products of xenobiotic biotransformation. Praseodymium ion (Pr3+) produces the same protective effect in liver tissue cultures. Cytophysiological effects of lanthanides appear to result from the similarity of their cationic radii to the size of Ca2+ ions. Trivalent lanthanide ions, especially La3+ and Gd3+, block different calcium channels in human and animal cells. Lanthanides can affect numerous enzymes: Dy3+ and La3+ block Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase, while Eu3+ and Tb3+ inhibit calcineurin. In neurons, lanthanide ions regulate the transport and release of synaptic transmitters and block some membrane receptors, e.g. GABA and glutamate receptors. It is likely that lanthanides significantly and uniquely affect biochemical pathways, thus altering physiological processes in the tissues of humans and animals.
In the ovary epidermis of Ornithogalum umbellatum L. lipotubuloids were found, i.e. distinguished cytoplasmic domain with an agglomeration of half unit membrane-surrounded lipid bodies, entwined and held together by a system of microtubules (Protoplasma 75: 345-357; 77: 473-476). Using light and EM-autoradiography with 3H-palmitic acid (25 μCi/ml) it was found that lipotubuloids were the site of intense incorporation of this isotope. After extraction of lipids with lipid solvent the lipotubuloids were not labeled. Localization of autoradiographic grains after 15-h postincubation with isotope-free medium indicated a migration of the labeled substances from the lipotubuloids to the whole cells. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that most autoradiographic grains after 2-h incubation were localized over the site of the microtubules adjoining closely the half unit membranes of lipid bodies. These observations suggest, that the surface of lipid bodies may be the active site in lipid synthesis and involvement of the microtubules in these processes is possible.
The study on antagonistic mechanism of biocontrol strains gives the premise and basis for efficient and stable biological control. This study aimes to overcome of biocontrol agent in aspects of complicated and diversified mode of action, short-lasting and unstable efficacy in the production processes. This study elucidated the antagonistic mechanism of Bacillus cereus strain B-02 on Botrytis cinerea by detecting changes in morphology, ultrastructure and physiology in affected hyphae of Botrytis cinerea. Which provided certain theoretical and practical significance for biological control of gray mould caused by B. cinerea. B. cereus strain B-02 isolated from tomato rhizosphere mightily suppressed gray mold in tomato caused by B. cinerea. Spore germination and hyphal growth of B. cinerea were inhibited by B. cereus strain B-02. Changes of cell morphology such as distortion, shrinking and swelling were observed by SEM. TEM observation further indicated the ultrastructural alterations of hyphae, including mitochondrion reduction, un-membranous inclusion in cytoplasm, considerable thickening of cell walls, and electronic density enhancement. LSCM observation revealed the fluorescence intensity of nucleus DNA, mitochondrion DNA and reactive oxygen radical in treated hyphae were all stronger than control and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). These results indicated that the antagonistic effects of B. cereus strain B-02 on B. cinerea were likely due to a combination of abnormal synthesis of nucleus DNA and mitochondrion DNA and multifarious ultrastructural alterations in hyphal cell.
One of the prime precursor for ethylene synthesis - L-methionine and the inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) - Co2+- were tested for their effects on sex expression and development of Anemia phyllitidis fern gametophytes. Five concentrations of both chemicals (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM) were analysed with reference to antheridia and archegonia formation, number and size of cells as well as thalli length using the three-zone model of gametophyte structure. Both substances, however at different concentrations, enhanced the number of GA3-induced antheridia and similarly stimulated the cell number and inhibited thalli length. Both of them at 100 μM concentrations without GA3 induced meristematic area formation while methionine also induced archegonia in the apical parts of gametophytes. These findings correspond with the previous observations concerning the important role of ethylene synthesis precursor (ACC) in controlling gibberellic acid-induced male sex expression in ferns and broaden the knowledge about the mechanisms of fern gametophyte development.
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