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The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in cultivated soils of Poland was characterized based on 15-year investigations. Spores of AMF were isolated from both field-collected root-rhizosphere soil mixtures and trap cultures established with a part of these mixtures. The mixtures were collected from under 41 plant species. The plant species most frequent1y sampled were Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays. Spores of AMF were found in 97.5% of the tield-collected root-soil samples and in 95.5% of trap cultures. The AMF predominating in populations of the spore s revealed were members of the genus Glomus. The spore s recovered belonged to 36 species. The AM fungal species most frequent1y occurring in cultivated soils of Poland were Glomus caledonium, G. constrictum, G. deserticola, and G. mosseae.
The studies were carried out within a catena of loess soils of the West Roztocze region. These are typical grey-brown podzolic soils (Haplic Luvisols) in various stages of erosion and deluvial soil (Eutric Fluvisol). Research shows the great variation in the morphology and the physical-chemical properties of the soils. Differences observed included the content of humus, range of soil reaction, depth of decalcification, hydrolytic acidity, and the content of exchangeable cations. The reasons for such a differentiation lie in various forms of economic human influence on the surface formations of the lithosphere, including the soil cover, occurring both now and in the past.
The extreme soil compaction and standard indices for Estonian soils sted to sustainable crop production are worked out which could be a basis for chracterizing the agro-ecological conditions for some particular soils. Comparison of measurements showed, that increase of subsoil hardness by compaction is mostly visible in soils with relatively weak agro-technical capability (90 and 120 kPa). The penetration resistance of arable soils is quite different depending on Estonian area. We are briefly introducing our results concerning the influence of soil compaction on penetration resistance of different soils in Estonia, on uptake of nutrients and new viewpoints concerning the changes in cellualar fluid pH of barley as depended on the soil compaction. Concerning degree of intracellular fluid pH we could conclude that this method is rather sensitive and allows us to find out plausible relations between the CpH compaction of soil and the level of the nitrogen fertilizer. Our contribution to this work justified itself and allowed us to analyse from a new point of view the positive as well as negative aspects of the effect of soil compaction and level of nitrogen fertilizer. Without nitrogen fertilizer the influence of soil compaction is rather negative. The effect of soil bulk density on cellular fluid pH of barley leaves generally depends on the number of passes. The experiment showed also that stronger decrease of nutrient content started at the same soil bulk densityvalue, at which the cellular fluid pH quickly increased. If the soil bulk density- increased up to level of 1.52-1.54 Mg·m⁻³, the cellular fluid pH increased very quickly.
Displacement of fertilizer elements from arable soils to ground and surface waters is discussed. The rate of chemical elements leaching from soils was assessed by measuring their concentrations and outflow in drainage waters, and by measuring ion concentrations and outflow in surface runoff and watercourses draining farming areas.
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