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The study attempted to characterize Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), nitrogen yield (Yn), and N balance (Nb = N surplus) depending on the dose of the total N fertilization (F = N dose in mineral fertilizers, natural fertilizers, or N from deposition). The study included basic crops in Poland in the years 1999–2014. The determination of the relationships between Yn, NUE, Nb, depending on F was performed using the elements of the methodology proposed by Lassaletta et al. (2014). The evaluation of differences between the optimal NUE and the NUE obtained in this study was carried out using the lower limits of the optimal NUE = 70–90%, as proposed tentatively by the EU NEP (2014). The study indicates that in the period of 1999–2014, NUE of basic crops in Poland increased, achieving the weighted average value of 55%. This value was significantly decreased by low NUE of permanent grasslands (42%), which have the largest share (20.3%) in the structure of land use in Poland. It would, therefore, be recommendable to increase NUE on grasslands. The omission of permanent grassland in the analysis increased the weighted average NUE for basic crops on arable lands to the value of 60%. There were no differences found in the weighted average NUE values in the case of more intensive (60%) and more extensive (60%) crops. Assuming that there is a need to increase NUE to the lower level of the optimal value (70%), we concluded, on the basis of our results and discussion, that the most effective way to achieve it would be to improve the NUE of more intensive crops, especially of wheat, triticale and barley. These plants achieve higher grain yields, Yn, Ymax, and Yn gap. They also have a larger share in the crop structure in comparison with more extensive crops.
Poland belongs to leading producers of strawberries in Europe and strawberry production has played a significant role in Polish agribusiness for many years. The present study, conducted in a commercial plantation of a specialized horticultural farm during the period 2009–2011, evaluated the amount and quality of yield of two strawberry cultivars (‘Elsanta’ and ‘Albion’) grown under different cropping systems. The study determined the amount and structure of marketable yield. The different production systems included the cultivation of strawberries from fresh waiting-bed plants and frigo plants (class A and A+). Plants were grown in the ground and on black plastic under the row cropping system and the double-row strip cropping system. The average fresh marketable yield for cv. ‘Elsanta’ was 13.0 t·ha-1 and it was higher by 53.0% than the average strawberry yield for cv. ‘Albion’ (7.1 t·ha-1). Treatment D, in which cv. ‘Elsanta’ class A+ frigo plants were grown on black plastic under the double-row strip cropping system, proved to be the best yielding system – the average fresh marketable yield was 14.4 t·ha-1, while the total marketable yield 17.4 t·ha-1. The lowest average fresh marketable yield was obtained from the cv. ‘Albion’ plantation established from class A frigo plants grown in the ground under the double-row strip cropping system – only 4.9 t·ha-1. The percentage of fresh marketable fruits in the total marketable yield ranged from 66.6% for cv. ‘Elsanta’ to 89.6% for cv. ‘Albion’ plants.
Different aspects of living mulches application in vegetable crops production is discussed in the paper. They compete with vegetables for light, moisture and nutrients and for this reason in most cases cause the yield reduction of cash crops. However, at the end of vegetation period, after ploughing down as green manure they enhance the organic matter content in the soil, improve its physical and chemical properties, which are beneficial for the subsequent species in crop rotation. Undersowing is best suited in perennial crops like rhubarb or the species with relatively long vegetation period, grown from transplants (leek, cabbage, sweet corn, stake tomato, pepper). The most important attributes required for species used as living mulches are quick emergence and soil covering, short height, low water and nutrients demands. In most cases the legume crops (white clover Trifolium repens L., red clover Trifolium pratense L., hairy vetch Vicia villosa Roth., seradella Ornithopus sativus Brot.), grasses (perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L.) or cereals, especially rye Secale cereale L. are used for this purpose. Their competitiveness to the cash crops may be diminished by the delayed term of undersowing the only in strips between plant rows, mowing the biomass or the use of sublethal doses of herbicides. The beneficial effects of living mulches include the suppression of weed infestation, reduced insect pests and diseases pressure, and prevention from soil degradation. They suppress soil compaction, wind and water erosion, improve soil structure, reduce the surface water runoff and nutrients leaching. Living mulch cover is favourable for biological activity of the soil and the amounts of available nutrients after decomposition. Further intensive studies will be needed to introduce such intercropping, friendly to the environment system to the wide practice, especially in the terms of possible decrease of competitiveness to the cash crops.
Изложены результаты исследований биотехно­логий выращивания сельскохозяйственных культур, а также сформулированы задачи инженерного обеспечения биоло- гизации земледелия и пути их решения.
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