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Banana fruits are highly perishable and prone to microbial infection that cause significant damage. Fungicides and pesticides that are used to control this infection are toxic to man and animals, hence there is the need for environmentally friendly control measures of fruit rot pathogens. Simultaneous inoculation of fruits with Trichoderma species and rot pathogens resulted in rot on the fingers, but rot produced by T. asperellum NG-T161 alone or in combination with the pathogens was reduced, compared to rot produced by the pathogens alone. Treatment of fruits with conidia and culture filtrates of T. asperellum NG-T161 for 30 min prior to inoculation with the pathogens provided a better control than their simultaneous application. Only Trichoderma species were recovered on plated portions of rotted tissues from inoculations with the pathogens and the antagonists on the fruits. At 50% (v/v) the filtrates inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum musae by 49.7 and 60.3% respectively but Lasiodiplodia theobromae was not inhibited. T. asperellum strains were found to be mycoparasitic on banana fruit rot pathogens. Conidia and culture filtrates of T. asperellum NG-T161 controlled the rot on banana fruits. It could be developed into a biopesticide for the control of postharvest banana fruit rot pathogens.
The live and dead tissues, and trapped leaf litter by the epiphytic tree fern Drynaria quercifolia associated with riparian tree species of Konaje (west coast) and Sampaje (Western Ghat) streams of India during dry (summer) and wet (monsoon) seasons yielded 37 species of water-borne conidial fungi on bubble chamber incubation. Dead bracket leaves of fern possess the highest species as well as conidia in Konaje, while the trapped leaf litter in Sampaje. During summer, the diversity was highest in bracket leaves in both locations, while in monsoon season it was highest in rhizomes of Konaje and in trapped leaf litter in Sampaje. Even though the conidial output from tissues of Drynaria and trapped leaf litter were not equivalent to stream submerged leaf litter, the species richness ranged between 40% and 75% in Konaje and Sampaje streams. As stable epiphyte, Drynaria exposed to wet and dry regimes in tree canopies of west coast and Western Ghats likely to serve as host for perfect states of water-borne hyphomycetes.
Continuous aerobiological monitoring has been conducted in Rzeszów from 2000-2002, using the volumetric method. On each microscope slide 1 horizontal band was analyzed, divided into 24 fields corresponding to hours. For the analysis, 10 easy to identify fungal spores were chosen from ones regarded as allergenic: Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Drechslera (type), Epiccocum, Ganoderma, Pithomyces, Polythrincium, Stemphylium, and Torula. The results were statistically tested using the x2 test as well as the Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA. The results were used to develop a calendar of the occurrence of fungal spores in Rzeszow. The spores occurred in the air throughout the whole year, but maximum concentrations were usually reached in July and August. Two groups of taxa were distinguished. Alternaria, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Epicoccum, Ganoderma spp. and Drechslera belong to the first group, and their spores and conidia were characterised by high frequency and abundance in the air. Low SFI values (Seasonal Fungal Index) and frequency of below 50% occurred in the second group of taxa, i.e. Pithomyces, Polythrincium, Stemphylium and Torula spp. Conidia of Cladosporium spp. were the most frequent, SFI values were very high and average annual concentrations did not differ significantly throughout the 3 years of study. The research confirmed the overlap of the period of maximum concentration of allergenic spores and the period of the domination of Poaceae and Artemisia pollen in the air.
The aim of this study was to determine the possibility to infection of apples after harvest by conidia and or mycelium of Botrytis cinerea Pers. Conidia were unable to infect uninjured apple skin regardless of inoculum density and presence of nutrients. The infection of apples by conidia occurred after the surface wax had been removed by washing of apples with chloroform. Injuries of skin appeared to be a favourable entry point for conidia and mycelium of B.cinerea. Only the mycelium of B.cinerea developed on the apple but not that grown on the artificial medium (PDA) was able to directly penetration uninjured apple skin. It was observed that sometimes rotted spots developed arround the lenticels.
The wettable powder was prepared on the basis of aerial conidia of two isolates of the entomopathognic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Viability and pathogenicity of conidia products were evaluated against the second-instar larva of Thrips tabaci in four cases; Conidial-product Maintained in Refrigerator (CMR), Conidial-product Maintained in Laboratory (CML), New Formulated Conidia (NFC) and New Conidia without formulation (NC). Analysis of corrected seven-day total mortality data revealed that there were significant differences among these product-cases in their pathogenicity to thrips larvae. Recorded mortality rates for CMR, CML, NFC and NC showed that the pathogenicity of CML was lower compared to three other cases for both isolates. In the next step, inorganic salts (MgCl2, NH4PO4, KH2PO4, MgSO4 and NaCl) were added at a rate of 0.1 M into the both CMR and CML products. Bioassay results indicated that caused total mortality of thrips larvae increased with adding of salts. Our results showed that applied carriers and salts have positively effected preserving of conidia viability and pathogenicity to the second-instar larva of the onion thrips.
The canopy samples such as trapped leaf litter, trapped sediment (during summer), stemflow and throughfall (during monsoon) from five common riparian tree species (Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cassia fistula, Ficus recemosa, Syzygium caryophyllatum and Xylia xylocarpa) in Kaiga forest stand of the Western Ghats of southwest India were evaluated for the occurrence of water-borne hyphomycetes. Partially decomposed trapped leaf litter was incubated in bubble chambers followed by filtration to assess conidial output. Sediments accumulated in tree holes or junction of branches were shaken with sterile leaf disks in distilled water followed by incubation of leaf disks in bubble chamber and filtration to find out colonized fungi. Stemflow and throughfall samples were filtered directly to collect free conidia. From five canopy niches, a total of 29 water-borne hyphomycetes were recovered. The species richness was higher in stemflow and throughfall than trapped leaf litter and sediments (14-16 vs. 6-10 species). Although sediments of Syzygium caryophyllatum were acidic (5.1), the conidial output was higher than other tree species. Stemflow and throughfall of Xylea xylocarpa even though alkaline (8.5-8.7) showed higher species richness (6-12 species) as well as conidial load than rest of the tree species. Flagellospora curvula and Triscelophorus acuminatus were common in trapped leaf litter and sediments respectively, while conidia of Anguillospora crassa and A. longissima were frequent in stemflow and throughfall. Diversity of water-borne hyphomycetes was highest in throughfall of Xylea xylocarpa followed by throughfall of Ficus recemosa. Our study reconfirms the occurrence and survival of diverse water-borne hyphomycetes in different niches of riparian tree canopies of the Western Ghats during wet and dry regimes and predicts their possible role in canopy as saprophytes, endophytes and alternation of life cycle between canopy and aquatic habitats.
The Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation procedure was developed by using the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) as a selective marker for the oil-producing fungus Umbelopsis isabellina. Different conditions were combined to increase the transformation efficiency. The highest efficiency was obtained by using A. rhizogenes strain R105 and a vector with zygomycete promoter. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that 71% of transformants contained random integrations of T-DNA sequences under optimal conditions. We randomly selected 115 positive transformants resistant to hygromycin to analyze the amount of total fatty acid and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Six transformants produced a higher amount of total fatty acids than the wild strain, and one transformant also produced a higher level of GLA than the wild strain in gas chromatography analysis. This is the first report about using A. rhizogenes strain R105 and germinated conidia to transform successfully the recalcitrant zygomycetes and to obtain transformants with a stable phenotype.
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