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The objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations of lactose percentage and urea concentration in milk with conformation traits related to udder and legs of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Data consisted of 5,813 test-day records and type scores of 791 primiparous cows. The analysis involved two descriptive traits (udder, feet and legs, scored from 50 to 100) and 11 linearly scored traits (describing udder: fore udder height, rear udder height, central ligament, udder depth, udder width, fore teat placement, teat length, rear teat placement; describing legs: rear legs - side view, foot angle, rear legs - rear view; on a scale of 1 to 9). Genetic correlations were calculated based on (co)variances estimated using the Bayesian method via Gibbs sampling and the multitrait animal model. Genetic correlations between lactose content and conformation traits ranged from -0.18 to 0.23, while those between milk urea concentration and conformation traits ranged between -0.02 and 0.43, respectively. Absolute values of average genetic correlations with daily lactose percentage exceeded 0.15 only for udder (descriptive trait) and several linearly scored traits, i.e. central ligament, udder depth, rear teat placement, and rear legs - rear view. Milk urea content was weakly or moderately genetically correlated with six type traits: udder, and five linearly scored traits: fore udder height, central ligament, udder width, teat length, and rear legs - side view. Absolute values of genetic correlations between these traits exceeded 0.15. Our results showed that type traits connected with udder were more highly genetically correlated with both lactose and milk urea contents than type traits describing legs. It meant that an increase in both lactose percentage and urea concentration in milk might be expected as an indirect response to selection for better udder, whereas selection for improvement of legs would not affect lactose percentage and milk urea content.
The aim of the study was to analyze the conformation traits of rabbits in relation to the year of evaluation and sex of the animals. The analyzes involved a rabbit production farm located in south-eastern Poland. The farm is specialized in the following breeds: New Zealand White, Blanc de Termonde, Alaska, Californian White, Giant Chinchilla, and Popielno White. The study covered 858 New Zealand White rabbits (741 does and 117 bucks). The ANOVA results indicated statistically significant effect of sex on the quality of the coat, body frame and breed type. The year of evaluation statistically significantly influenced the body size, weight, hair coat quality, specific breed traits, body frame, breed type, and the total score attained by the rabbits. The interaction sex x year of evaluation significantly influenced body weight only, whereas no significant effect can be found if we look at the remaining traits. The variation of the traits, as measured with the coefficient of variability, ranged from 1.05 to 9.19%. The correlations were quite varied, ranging from –0.7715 (between the breed type and the year of evaluation) up to 0.6017 (between the body frame and the total score). The analyzed animals were characterized by very good body type and conformation parameters, which is demonstrated by a high score achieved for each trait.
Direct and maternal additive genetic variances as well as covariances between these effects were estimated via derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood algorithm under an animal model. 2750 half-bred mares from four Studs were recorded. The following three traits were analysed: height of wither, circumference of chest, circumference of canon. The breed group, year of birth and place of birth were included as fixed effects. The computations were performed using two genetic models (with and without maternal effects). Direct additive heritability estimates were 0.539 for height of wither, 0.345 (and 0.442 from maternal model) for circumference of chest and 0.233 for circumference of cannon. Using the likelihood ratio test it was concluded that the maternal effects were significiant for the analysed traits. Generally, negative correlation estimates between direct and maternal genetic effects were found for single traits.
In a group of purebred Arab mares the level of inbreeding and its effect on three body conformation traits was determined. Moreover, estimated were heritability coefficients of the traits and their phenotypic,genetic and environmental trends. Considered were conformation records of 706 Arab mares born in the years 1936- 1993. The mean inbreeding level of mares was 0.88%. No considerable effect of inbred rate on body conformation traits was found. The obtained partial regression coefficients were close to zero. Heritability coefficients appeared low and amounted to 0.160 (±0.078) for height at withers, 0.052 (±0.067) for chest circumference and 0.050 (±0.054) for circumference of cannon.Negligible positive genetic trend was observed for all the traits studied, whereas the environmental trends were not clear.
The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability (h2) of body condition score (BCS), body conformation (type) and production traits of Black-and-White cows maintained by small farmers of Eastern Poland as well as genetic (rG) and phenotypic (rP) correlations between the traits mentioned. Considered were 2012 cows with completed 305-day lactation from the years 1997-1999.The h2 estimate for BCS was 0.37. Out of 26 condition and conformation traits considered, the rP of 17 and rG of 13 traits appeared negative. The rG values ranged from -0.30 (musculature) to 0.45 (udder).
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