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The influence of roofing material on concentrations of pollutants in roof runoff waters and changes of pollution concentration in time were investigated. In field studies four roofing material types were taken into consideration: ceramic tile, bituminous membrane, asbestos tile, and zinc sheeting. Samples were collected from November 2007 to March 2008. Anions, cations, metals, PAHs, pesticides, and PCBs were determined. The existence of the first flush phenomenon for most pollutants was confirmed, with concentrations up to two orders of magnitude higher in first flush compared to steady state conditions. Time trends of pollutant concentration changes were observed. Additionally, analysis of a series of samples collected from melting snow accumulated on the roof showed an increase of organic pollutant concentrations during thaw.
Sulphur dioxide is one of the principal gases responsible for the quality of atmospheric air. Air pollution, even relatively low one, is not indifferent to human health. In 2007-2009, an investigation was carried out to follow changes in the concentration of sulphur dioxide in atmospheric air, in different time intervals, depending on the air temperature and humidity. This paper draws on results of continuous measurements taken at the Station of Monitoring the Immission of Air Pollutants in Olsztyn-Kortowo. The measured concentrations of SO2 were presented graphically as means for different time intervals. It has been demonstrated that changes in SO2 concentrations were mainly induced by drops in temperatures, emissions and other industrial actitivities, as well as the course of the growth and development of plants. The highest concentrations appeared at noon and the lowest ones were at night. Analysis of similarities verified hourly variations in the SO2 concentrations in air. Four distinc groups were distinguished: nocturnal (1:00-7:00 a.m.), mid-day (10:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.), a group with two time intervals (8:00- 9:00 a.m.; 4:00-7:00 p.m.) and late evening (8:00 p.m. - midnight). Considering the aerial concentration levels of this gas in monthly intervals, high similarity was observed between the early spring versus the autumn and winter seasons. Dependences between SO2 concentrations and temperature were confirmed by analysis of the correlation coefficients and linear regression equations. Likewise, relationships between SO2 concentrations and air humidity were analyzed in different time intervals and presented both graphically and statistically, by computing correlations and regression equations. Irrespective of the source of emission and meteorological conditions, the SO2 concentration remained on a low level and did not exceed the permissible threshold either in the vicinity of Olsztyn or in the whole region of Warmia and Mazury.
In previous research, changes in concentrations of the physiologically essential elements K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B in developing ovules of Clivia miniata Regel (central vacuole sap, endosperm tissue and embryo) were examined. Now the authors present results of measurements of change in molybdenum concentration in the central vacuole and micropylar and chalazal parts of endosperm during development of C. miniata ovules. The analysis was performed with the use of flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, with Zeeman background correction and using pyrolytically coated graphite tubes. The dimensions of the embryos and their age (counted from the day the perianth wilted to the day of sampling) were the adopted developmental criteria. It was established that (1) during the inhibitional phase of embryo growth, the concentration of Mo in the central vacuole sap varied from 0.021 to 0.052 µg/ml; (2) the Mo concentration in the micropylar part of the endosperm was in the range of 0.032-0.085 µg/g fr.wt. and increased during the exponential and stationary phases of embryo growth; (3) the same increasing tendency was found in the chalazal part of the endosperm tissue (concentration range: 0.074-0.11 µg/g fr.wt.); (4) the concentration of Mo in the chalazal part of the endosperm was higher than in the micropylar part during the examined period of embryo growth.
This study presents changes in the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in two streams in Western Antarctica (Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands) that differ in trophic status. The results suggest a decline in concentrations of the determined forms of N and P between 2001 and 2005. The decrease ranged from 9.3% for reactive phosphorus to 73.2% for ammonium-nitrogen. Such inferred declines in N and P concentrations are considered to reflect reduced deposition on land of organic matter brought in from the seas by the penguins nesting in the area. The ultimate cause of this is in turn the steady decline in abundance that is being noted for these penguins.
Changes in the concentration of selected minerals in milk and blood of high- milking cows during lactation. The aim of this research was the analysis of the content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in milk and blood of Polish Holstein-Frisian (PHF) milking cows during full lactation. The research was conducted on 100 PHF cows during two years (50 cows in each year). Samples of milk and blood were taken in each month of lactation (10 samples) in order to determine minerals concentration. Additionally, samples of forage were pooled out. Study revealed that the level of calcium in the feed is too low, the level of phosphorus – optimal, whereas the content of magnesium exceeds animal demand. There were significant differences in the content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the consecutive months of lactation. The content of minerals in blood was normal; similar situation was observed in the case of the calcium and phosphorus in milk, with the exception of milk magnesium concentration, which was too low and most diversified during the lactation.
Nowak J.: Insulin and glucose concentration changes in newborn piglets after sucking the colostrum from insulin administered sows. Acta Physiol. Pol. Immuno reactive insulin (IRI) concentration in sows colostrum has been previously proven to be much higher than that in blood. The experiment was carried out to show the influence of endogenous and added insulin in sows colostrum on insulinaemia and glycaemia of newborn piglets. In colostrum collected from 3 control and 5 experimental sows before loading, basal insulin concentration were 1.595 and 1.365 nM⁻¹ , respectively, and calculated for all 8 sows together were 1.451 nM⁻¹ (SEM ± 0.289). Basal plasma insulin concentrations calculated for 68 healthy piglets before sucking were little differentiated (mean 0.318 ± 0.044 nM I⁻¹ ), whereas glucose initial concentrations for those piglets (mean 3.581 ± 0.275 nM I⁻¹ ) were highly differentiated. Intramuscular loading of 5 experimental sows with insulin (80 I.U. per animal) caused an increase in the concentration of insulin in colostrum from 1.365 to 3.449 nM I⁻¹ (0.01, P < 0.02). The mean insulin level (0.313 + 0.04 nM I⁻¹ ) in experimental piglets blood plasma (n = 42) increased significantly to 1.234 + 0.07 (P < 0.001) after suckling by sows loaded with exogenous insulin. Glycaemic response of those two piglets litters was poor but showed a statistically significant increase (P < 0.001). The glucose concentrations in blood plasma samples of the other three litters did not changes after sucking. The experiment excluded the hypothesis that high level of insulin in colostrum could be the cause of hypoglycaemia in healthy piglets after sucking.
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence phase of lactation on the concentration of saturated fatty acid in milk of high performance dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on the twenty PHF cows at experimental dairy farm of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. The cows were kept in a free-stall dairy shed and fed on TMR (total mixed ration) diet. The cows had continuous access to water, TMR diet was provided for ad libitum intake. Milk samples were collected 10-times during the first 10 month of lactation (once a month). Milk from the initial phase of lactation characterized by the lowest level of saturated fatty acid including: C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 and the highest level of BA compared with the final period. Stage of lactation significantly influenced the concentration of saturated fatty acids in milk of analyzed cows.
The experiment was carried out on 4 pregnant goats at age 2–3 years. Changes in basic indices of renal function were analysed in the scope of hydro–electrolyte management in the consecutive five months of gestation. Blood and urea samples were collected fortnightly during the first three months of gestation, and weekly during the remaining two months. The analyses included urea volume and glomerular filtration rate, as well as blood plasma concentration, clearance, tubular reabsorption and excretion of sodium, potassium, chlorides and total osmotically active substances.
The purpose of present research was to evaluate the dynamics of concentration changes of macroelements as well as iron and zinc ions in the upper Narew River catchment (northeastern Poand). The following rivers and streams were selected: Narew, Supraśl, Horodnianka, Ruda, Małynka, Łoknica, and Rudnia. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc analyses were made using the flame AAS method. A gradual increase of macroelement contents in Narew water was found, which was the consequence of water supplies and surface runoffs. Our study revealed the differentiation of macroelements, iron and zinc concentrations in water of the upper Narew River, depending on the catchment character as well as spatial distribution of their point sources.
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of nutritional status of the organism on the sensory specific satiety (SSS) in young adults and to determine the relationship of blood glucose concentration and SSS. The study was carried out on a set of 18 individuals (6 persons in each group with BMI values: <20, 20-25 and >25 kg/m2, respectively), which rated the pleasantness of foodstuffs with different sensory properties (milk chocolate, crackers, grapefruit and apples) before and after ad libitum consumption of milk chocolate. The SSS was observed in all the tested individuals, irrespective of their BMI value. No statistically significant correlation was found between the change in blood glucose concentration 2 minutes after the consumption of chocolate and the occurrence of SSS. A dependence between these parameters was found 60 min after chocolate consumption.
W artykule przedstawiono dobowe zmiany stężenia tlenu rozpuszczonego w wodzie, w różnych warunkach meteorologicznych. W eutroficznym stawie karpiowym „Staś Górny” letnie dobowe ekstrema tlenowe obserwowano między godziną 6⁰⁰ a 8⁰⁰ (minima tlenowe) oraz pomiędzy 18⁰⁰ a 20⁰⁰ (maksima tlenowe). W słoneczny, ciepły i bezwietrzny dzień obserwowano wysokie stężenia tlenu rozpuszczonego w wodzie, szczególnie w warstwach przypowierzchniowych przy silnym deficycie tlenowym w strefie przydennej. Zawartość tlenu mniejszą od wartości optymalnych odnotowano w dzień pochmurny i chłodny między godziną 5⁰⁰ a 7⁰⁰. Spadek ten nie przekraczał 0,5 mg O₂‧dms³. Różnice w natlenieniu wody obserwowane przy odmiennych warunkach pogodowych, prawdopodobnie wynikają z wpływu innych czynników, m.in. meteorologicznych (temperatura powietrza, usłonecznienie, prędkość wiatru) na warunki tlenowe.
Głównym celem przeprowadzonych w okresach od 5 marca do 24 maja 2005 roku oraz od 17 sierpnia do 10 października 2005 roku dwóch serii badań była analiza zmienności koncentracji miedzi i niklu w ściekach surowych dopływających do Miejskiej Oczyszczalni Ścieków w Reczu oraz określenie czy na tej podstawie możliwe jest zdefiniowanie częstotliwości zrzutu ścieków pogalwanicznych do miejskiej sieci kanalizacyjnej. W porównywanych seriach badań surowych ścieków komunalnych stężenie miedzi było wyraźnie zróżnicowane (V = 77 i 81%) i mieściło się odpowiednio w granicach 0,006-0,14, średnio 0,03 mg∙dm-3 (I seria ) i 0,004-0,12, średnio 0,03 mg∙dm-3 (II seria). Koncentracja niklu w ściekach surowych mieściła się odpowiednio w granicach 0,001-0,022, średnio 0,004 mg∙dm-3 w I okresie badań i 0,001-0,061, średnio 0,007 mg∙dm-3 w drugim. Stężenia tego pierwiastka w ściekach surowych wykazywały bardzo silne zróżnicowanie w obu seriach badań, co potwierdzają współczynniki zmienności (I seria - 116%; V - II seria - 111%). Nikiel, podobnie jak miedź, jest pierwiastkiem ściśle związanym z procesami galwanotechnicznymi. Wahania w wielkości stężeń niklu między poszczególnymi próbkami wskazują więc na możliwość dopływu tego pierwiastka z okresowymi zrzutami ścieków z lokalnych galwanizerni. Stwierdzona w okresie objętym badaniami wyraźna zmienność w stężeniach analizowanych metali ciężkich w próbkach ścieków surowych z I i II serii jednoznacznie wskazuje na okresowy dopływ zanieczyszczonych metalami ciężkimi ścieków podczyszczonych pochodzących z lokalnych galwanizerni do surowych ścieków bytowo-gospodarczych. Bardzo charakterystyczne jest także występowanie minimum i maksimum koncentracji poszczególnych metali ciężkich w tym samym czasie. Potwierdza to tezę o wspólnym źródle występowania tych pierwiastków. Podwyższona koncentracja metali w ściekach dopływających do Miejskiej Oczyszczalni Ścieków (zwłaszcza niklu i miedzi) świadczy o stałym dopływie podczyszczonych ścieków galwanicznych z lokalnych zakładów produkcyjnych zajmujących się powierzchniową obróbką metali. Podczas badań stwierdzono, że koncentracja niklu i miedzi w ściekach surowych charakteryzowała się dużą zmiennością. Dlatego też można stwierdzić, że dopływ analizowanych metali ciężkich wraz ze ściekami surowymi do oczyszczalni ścieków jest bardzo mało przewidywalny, bez względu na częstotliwość prowadzonych obserwacji.
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