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By means of anatomical and radiological methods and with help of the Computer Digital Image Analysis System the brachiocephalic trunk and the common carotid arteries in relation to the vertebral column were studied in 60 human fetuses. The vessels were found to be between the upper borders: of the third thoracic vertebra and the first cervical vertebra (Th3s-C1s). In the 6th month of the ontogenetic development the vessels descended by one vertebra and established their location in the next prenatal compartment (8-9) between the lower borders: of these same vertebra (Th 3i - C 1i ). We have counted the skeletopic age correlation coefficients of these vessels andfound the diminuation of their values. Sexual skeletopic dimorphisms have not been observed. These investigations have clinical implications.
Numerous fibrous elements known as the Willis chords are situated in the light ofthe superior sagittal sinus. The paper is aimed at a comparative evaluation of the appearance of the Willis chords appearing in the superior sagittal sinus during various periods of human life and a determination of their role. The material comprises 200 brains at the foetal period as well as 200 adult and senile brains. The experimental methods include injection methods, infrared light, the Pickworth method and computer image analysis. During adulthood, various elements such as valvulae, divisions, plates, beams and arachnoidal granulation are situated in the light of superior sagittal sinus. The number of arachnoidal granulations increases continuously due to age, new ones appearing close to those already in existence and old granulation spreading. The superior sagittal sinus contains numerous valvulae similar to the feedback flaps typical for hydraulic systems. Divisions act as orifices which lead to a fall in pressure and induce blood into the sinus. Large differences between the cross-sections of meningeal veins and bridge veins were noticed, which resembles the structure of ejector. The blood flow in the bridge veins ending at the superior sagittal sinus is controlled by the valvulae and their geometrical form changes according to age. Conclusion: the Willis chords situated in the superior sagittal sinus may control the circulation. Their number grows with age and their morphology changes.
The present studies aimed at evaluating whether it is possible to use this method to estimate the fat content in pork from trimming of the loin, bacon and shoulder. The high correlation coefficients obtained between the share of white fields determined by computer digital analysis and the fat content determined by the Soxhlet method indicate that it is possible to use this method to estimate the fat content in pork trimmings, irrespectively of the type of cut trimmed. Moreover, the correlations calculated between components R, G and B of meat, fat and image and the selected indicators of the technological quality of pork obtained from trimming the loin, bacon and shoulder indicate the value of this method for meat quality estimation.
The anatomical method with Computer- Digital Image Analysis system served to examine large skin arteries of the crus and the fool in 152 human specimens. Their sources were: 1. popliteal artery (rr: gastrocnemii: medialis - 62.89%, lateralis - 78.95%), 2. anterior tibial artery (n. peronealis laterarlis superior- 97.37%, a. peronealis lateralis inferior - 62.50%, cr. collateralis inferior lateralis - 78.95%), 3. posterior tibial artery (r: circumflexus fibulae - 75.66%, r. soleus lateralis - 48.03%, r. musculi flexoris hallucis longi - 84.87%), 4. peroneal artery (r. perforans - 86.84%) and 5. medial plantar artery (r. profundus - 89.47%). The following ones characterized themselves with the longest course: a. peronealis lateralis superior (112±21 mm), r: gastrocnemius medialis (93±11 mm) and r. soleus lateralis (91±8 mm). The largest flaps supplied successively: r. gastrocnemius medialis (8530±1125 mm²), a. peronealis lateralis superior (7920±1227 mm²), r. profundus a. plantaris medialis (7580±1820 mm²), r. gastrocnemius lateralis (7320±1320 mm²), r. soleus lateralis (7140±1630 mm²) and a. collateralis inferior lateralis (6220 ±1981 mm²).
We examined the prenatal development of the human anterior cranial fossa and considered its clinical aspects. Our purpose was an evaluation of anterior cranial fossa geometry, its measurements and connections with the nasal cavity and middle cranial fossa. The study was performed on 29 foetuses from the first and second trimester of pregnancy. New methods of computer image analysis, Scion for Windows 98 and ELF v 4.2, were applied to examine this anatomical region. Different options used were binarisation, equalisation, filters, linear and non-linear transformations and mathematical operations of images. This enabled the dynamics of prenatal development to be accurately evaluated for parts of the base of the human skull. Measurements were taken of angles of the cranial base. The anterior cranial base angle (the apex in the middle of the sella turcica and the arms running through the zygomatic ossification points) decreased gradually between C-R 6 to 23.5 cm from 170 to 120 degrees and afterwards became constant. The contrary-medial cranial base angle (adjacent to the anterior cranial base angle and with a second arm running through the auricular cartilage) increased from 50 to 70 degrees. The anterior cranial fossa was first located on the same level as the middle and posterior fossae. The process of descent of the middle and posterior cranial fossa begins in the 4th gestational month. The geometry of the anterior cranial fossa changes rapidly, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy. The first trimester of pregnancy is crucial for the development of its defects. Preconception prophylaxis of inborn defects of the anterior cranial fossa is therefore extremely important.
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