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The paper proposes two methods of expressing the turnover of foreign trade in dairy products using a milk equivalent. The first of them is based on applying conversion ratios indicating how many liters of milk are needed to manufacture a unit of a given product. The ratio allowing calculation of butter quantity that could be obtained from fat retained during processing milk into individual products is used in this method as supplementary. The second of the presented methods for calculation of milk equivalent is based on the chemical composition (content of protein and fat) of dairy products and milk purchased.
The study was conducted to examine some factors affecting speed of Thoroughbred horses competing at Polish racecourses. Data on horses’ speed (m/s) in flat races from year 2001 to 2005 comprised 12,643 records for 1,543 Thoroughbred horses competing in 1,876 races. Statistical analysis accounted for fixed effects of distance, age, sex, trainer, competition (defined as number of horses competing within one horse length from the winner at the moment of crossing the finishing line), track condition, weight carried, number of runners in a race and for the random effect of race, rider and horse. Almost all the factors included in the linear model were highly significant (P<0.01), but distance × competition test revealed a significant difference (P<0.05). Average speed of Polish Thoroughbreds and mean distance of the races was 15.57 m/s and 1509.1 m, respectively. Speed of horses decreased when racing distance increased and males were faster than females. Three-year-old horses ran faster (LSM=15.29 m/s) than the 2-year-olds (LSM=15.26 m/s) but slower than 4-year-old and older horses (LSM=15.36 m/s). Condition of the racing track resulted in a difference in Racine speed of 1.13 m/s between fast and heavy assessed track. Least squares mean (LSM) of the Speer without competition between horses was 15.23 m/s, and increased to 15.33 m/s and 15.36 m/s when there were one and two competing horses, respectively. The increase in speed due to competition was highest in 1000 m races. Speed did not significantly differ between one or two competing horses,except at the distance of 1200 m. The horses carrying more weight during a race showed a flower speed (P<0.01). Speed was 0.02 m/s higher for each additional horse in a race. The random race effect was the largest, while the random rider effect the smallest component of variance.
Taxus baccata L. has a scattered distribution and the decline of yew woodlands is observed across the entire species range. Passively protected populations in the central and northern part of their distribution are declining without human intervention. However, the establishment of new yew populations is observed in habitats that have been significantly transformed by humans. The following question need to be answered: why do yews find better in environmental conditions that have been strongly modified by humans compared to natural systems? The Quaternary history might be the key to understand the current yew situation. As suggested by palaeobotanical studies, pollen of T. baccata was observed at optima of the interglacials, but in subsequent periods, it has been displaced by that of other shade-tolerant species. Pollen diagrams indicate that after the last glaciation, the yew did not appear earlier than other shade-tolerant species and did not have the opportunity to become common in occurrence, as in previous interglacial periods. As a result, yews occur only as relict populations within environmental islands where the competition with other shade-tolerant species is low. The negative human impact on yew is well-documented, but limitations resulting from the biology of this species are also very important. T. baccata is a species whose current scattered distribution may explain the Quaternary history. Yew situation is better in artificial conditions because people reduce competition from other trees species and deer pressure. Possible positive impact of human on yew distribution in the past is also discussed. The current biological condition of this species suggests the need for active protection.
A concept of competition hierarchy among ant species is presented. The hierarchy consists of three main levels, and the species are arranged in the hierarchy on the basis of social organization (mainly forager densities and recruitment efficiencies) of colonies. The concept allows testable predictions on probable and improbable species pairs in local ant species assemblages. Structure of competition hierarchy and positions of a number of North European species in it is reviewed. A schematisized map on minimal distances among nests of species belonging to various levels of the hierarchy is presented. A case study on relations among highest-level, territorial species, is described.
Analysis included 232 horses starting in the eventing competition of the highest class C in Poland in 2004–2008. In total, 711 starts were analysed allowing for horse breed, ancestor breed (sire and dam), and horse sex and age. The Polish noble half-bred horses had the largest frequency, achieving the best results in all tests, i.e. dressage, cross-country and show jumping. Aspecialisation trend in the eventing, particularly in cross-country test, was observed in case of half-bred Anglo-Arabian horses. The worst results obtained theWielkopolski horses and those with the Wielkopolski horse ancestry. The best results were achieved by the offspring of Anglo- -Arabian and the Małopolski stallions and noble half-bred mares.
The work aimed at determining relationships between an assessment made by entrepreneurs of an effect of competitive firms on economic activity and success factors as well as the factors that hinder starting up and running a firm. The study included 137 entrepreneurs conducting economic activity in urban-rural gminas (communes) of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship. Analysis of empirical material was carried out utilizing the rank correlation coefficient with one dichotomic variable. According to the entrepreneurs who run businesses on both the local and supra-local market, the factors that hinder starting up and running a firm included competitive firms and unfair competition. Entrepreneurs gain information about the market from local sources and conducting activity on local markets ranked higher an impact of competitive firms.
Analysing the literature dealing with coopetition on both national and international levels, one cannot help but notice that this notion has recently become increasingly more popular. The same cannot be said however, of the notion of coopetition from a practical point of view. Apprehension related to coopetition have to do with the so-called limited confi dence principle, applied by Polish entrepreneurs to other commercial entities. This principle has worked out well up until recently. However, the ongoing globalisation and increasing pace of technological progress are forcing, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, to pay closer attention to quite a different strategy of “sleeping with the enemy”. The empirical part of the article indicates, how the chosen factors influence establishing coopetition. The list of factors include: PKD (Polska Klasyfikacja Działalności – Polish Classifi cation of Economic Activities) section, where the company customers come from, the distance from other delivery network participants, relations with those participants and technological class applicable to the company’s technological process.
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