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1

Comparative chemical composition of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. from different geographical sources

100%
Raal A., Arak E., Orav A.
Herba Polonica
|
2005
|
tom 51
|
nr 1-2
Variations in the essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris L. cultivated in Estonia and in other European countries were determined using capillary gas chromatographic analysis methods. Fifty-nine components were identified, representing over 95% of the total oil yield. The principal components in the oils of common thyme were thymol (0.9%-75.7%), carvacrol (1.5%-83.5%), p-cymene (4.3%-34.4%), y-terpinene (0.9%-19.7%), linalool (0.4V 4.8%), (E)-ß-caryophyllene (0.5%-9.3%) and terpinen-4-ol (tr.-3.8%). The sum of phenolic compounds (thymol and carvacrol) in the oils studied varied from 19.4% to 84.4%, and the sum of their precursors (p-cymene and y-terpinene) ranged from 5.7% to 38.5%. Thymol content was predominant in the oils of Holland (65.5%) and of Estonia (75.7%) but carvacrol content predominated in the Greek thyme oil (83.5%). Armenian thyme oil contained only 17.0% of thymol, but it was rich in neral and citronellol (32.5%), borneol (4.3%), citronellal (4.0%), 1,8-cineoI (4.0%) and methyl eugenol and thymol acetate (7.5%). In Estonia, the thymol, thymol-carvacrol and thymol-p-cymene-y-terpinene chemotypes of the common thyme are distinguishable.
2
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Patogenicznosc grzybow z rodzaju Fusarium dla tymianku wlasciwego [Thymus vulgaris L.]

67%
Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zalewska E.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus
|
2004
|
tom 03
|
nr 1
115-123
The pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti to thyme was examined in present work. Isolates of tested fungi originated from various herbs plants. The effect of Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids and water suspensions of Fusarium spp. spores on germination of thyme schizocarps was studied in the laboratory. The effect of Fusarium spp. on the shooting up and healthiness of seedlings was carried out in the climatic chamber conditions using the method with infested soil. It was shown, that harmfulness of F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti to thyme, regardless of the origins of fungi isolates, was expressed by inhibition of schizocarps germination and by limiting of seedlings numbers and their growth. The symptoms of infection were a necrosis of shoots and roots. Each of the three used methods of artificial infection of thyme secured direct contact of with the surface of schizocarps, shoots and roots of seedlings. However the method with Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids should be recommended to the fast estimation of Fusarium spp. pathogenicity to thyme on account of occurrence of toxins, which are produced by fungi.
3
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Effect of natural fertilization and calcium carbonate on yielding and biological value of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)

67%
Dzida K., Michalojc Z., Jarosz Z., Pitura K., Skubij N., Skubij D., Krawiec M.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus
|
2019
|
tom 18
|
nr 5
Thyme belongs to herbal plants, the yield and quality of which depend on biological factors, agrotechnical procedures and the way of processing and storage. Basic factor differentiating the biological value of plants is fertilization, including manure, as well as plant growth and development, which is significantly influenced by the pH of the substrate, in which the plants are grown. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of manure dose (12.5 and 25 g·dm–3) and calcium carbonate (5 and 15 g·dm–3) on the yield and biological value of thyme. The fresh thyme mass yield was changed under the influence of the factors used. The highest yield of raw material was recorded after using a high dose of manure and calcium carbonate. Significantly higher concentration of essential oil in thyme was found after feeding the plants with higher dose of manure. The inverse relationship was demonstrated for the amount of L-ascorbic acid that decreased with the increase in manure dose. Calcium fertilizers not only serve to regulate the acidity, but are also a source of calcium for plants. After applying a higher dose of CaCO3, significant increase in the yield of fresh thyme mass was observed and higher dry matter content was recorded
4

Ocena mozliwosci zastosowania preparatu Goltix 700 SC w tymianku wlasciwym [Thymus vulgaris L.] uprawianym na surowiec zielarski

67%
Kucharski W. A., Mordalski R.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2005
|
tom 45
|
nr 2
828-830
5

Grzyby zasiedlajace rozne organy tymianku wlasciwego Thymus vulgaris L. uprawianego na Lubelszczyznie

67%
Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., Zimowska B., Zalewska E.
Acta Agrobotanica
|
2002
|
tom 55
|
nr 1
185-197
In 1998-2001, the healthiness of thyme cultivated in the region of Lublin was examined, Surveys were made on the one-year-old plantations of thyme at a stage f 6-week-old seedlings and just before the first harvest of the crop, as well as on e two-year-old plantations in spring and before the last harvest. The percentage the plants showing fungal disease symptoms and the index of infection with, fungi were determined. The fungi were isolated from superficially disinfected plant fragments namely from roots, bases of stem and leaves, separately, using 'eral culture medium. PDA and SNA media were used to culture Fusarium spp. malt-agar and Czapek-Dox ones to culture Penicillium spp. and malt-agar, oat-agar and cherry-agar ones to culture Phoma spp. The percentage of plant infected with the fungi ranged within 12.18 and 23.05, in case of the one-year-old ,plantations, and within 29.91 and 43.65 in the two-year-old ones, whereas values the index of infection ranged within 11.56 and 24.69 and within 20.75 and .28, respectively. Necroses were observed on roots and base of stems on one'-old and two-year-old plantations, but in the last period of vegetation of thyme to harvest, very often stems and leaves showed symptoms of a complete necrosis. It was found that base of stems and roots of thyme in the first and the second year of cultivation were colonized by a complex of pathogenic fungi.
6

Contents of chlorophyll and selected mineral components and the yield of common thyme [Thymus vulgaris L.] at differentiated nitrogen fertilization

67%
Golcz A., Politycka B.
Herba Polonica
|
2009
|
tom 55
|
nr 3
69-75
The vegetation experiment was carried out in pots, in an unheated greenhouse of Experimental Station ‘Marcelin’, Poznań University of Life Sciences. The studies were carried out on the effect of nitrogen nutrition on the herb fresh matter and on its dry crumbled matter as well as on the contents of chlorophyll a and b, nitrogen, magnesium and iron in leaves of common thyme of ‘Słoneczko’ cultivar. Nitrogen was applied in the form of NH4 NO3 before vegetation (control – without nitrogen addition, 60, 120, 180 and 240 mg N dm-3 substrate) and as a top dressing with an addition of 60 mg N dm-3 in all variants with nitrogen fertilization. Herb harvest was carried out twice. It was found that nitrogen, irrespective of its dose, significantly decreased the level of chlorophyll a and b (on the average by 60%) and the iron content (on the average by 40%). The decreased chlorophyll level in thyme leaves with nitrogen application was positively correlated with iron content. No dependence was found between the level of chlorophyll and the nitrogen content in the herb. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased both the yield of herb fresh matter and of the dry raw material. In case of dry raw material, no differences were found in the yield depending on the differentiated nitrogen nutrition
7

Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of common thyme [Thymus pulegioides L.] and wild thyme [Thymus serpyllum L.]

67%
Pioro-Jabrucka E., Suchorska-Tropilo K., Rzewuska M.
Herba Polonica
|
2007
|
tom 53
|
nr 3
Antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC) of oil from common thyme and wild thyme was as­sessed. Also the time necessary for gaining bactericidal effect by using these oils was determined. Four straits of standard bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. The experiment showed that the essential oil of common thyme had higher antibacterial activity both against Gram-posi­tive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, in comparison to the essential oil of wild thyme, which resulted from differences in composition of essential oil of these two species. Es­sential oil of common thyme was characterized by high content of thymol, whereas in essential oil of wild thyme the main compounds were terpenes.
8

Charakterystyka cech morfologicznych i chemicznych 4 klonów tymianku właściwego (Thymus vulgaris L.)

59%
Pioro-Jabrucka E., Osinska E., Roslon W.
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
|
2010
|
tom 555
Przedmiotem badań, przeprowadzonych w latach 2007-2008, były 4 klony tymianku właściwego (Thymus vulgaris L., rodzina jasnotowate - Lamiaceae). Rośliny porównywano pod względem cech morfologicznych i chemicznych. Badane klony różniły się pod względem ocenianych cech rozwojowych. Stwierdzono istotne różnice w zawartości olejku eterycznego w zielu (1,40-2,44%) oraz w jego składzie (szczególnie zawartości γ-terpinenu i p-cymenu), a także pod względem zawartości flawonoidów i fenolokwasów.
9

Estimation of total polyphenols contents in Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L. commercial samples

59%
Modnicki D., Balcerek M.
Herba Polonica
|
2009
|
tom 55
|
nr 1
35-42
The plants from Lamiaceae family are used in medicine, cosmetic and for food as a spice. Phenolic compounds: flavonoids and phenolic acids, the main constituents of this plants have proven multi-directional biological activity. Poyphenols has an antioxidative activity and may act in prevention of many disorders. The estimation of total polyphenols content in commercial samples of Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L. herbs, derived from several producers and with different part number, was performed. Total polyphenol contents in plant materials were estimated by means of spectrophotometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was performed and shown as total polyphenols in dry herb calculated as pyrogallol, gallic acid and caffeic acid. The amount of total polyphenols in O. vulgare i T. vulgaris herb were similar and higher than in O. basilicum herb.
10

Wpływ suszu z tymianku pospolitego (Thymus vulgaris L.) na rozwój wołka zbożowego (Sitophilus granarius L.)

59%
Wawrzyniak M., Wrzesinska D.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2009
|
tom 49
|
nr 1
11

Zachwaszczenie i plonowanie tymianku wlasciwego [Thymus vulgaris L.] w zaleznosci od sposobu pielegnacji i przedplonu

59%
Kwiatkowski C.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2007
|
tom 47
|
nr 3
187-190
12
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Effects of ginger or ginger and thyme extract in laying hens feeding on productive results and eggs quality

59%
Damaziak K., Riedel J., Gozdowski D., Niemiec J., Siennicka A., Rog D.
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Animal Science
|
2018
|
tom 57[1]
Effects of ginger or ginger and thyme extract in laying hens feeding on productive results and eggs quality. This experiment was aimed at determining the potential of extracts from ginger and from ginger and thyme for enhancing the production performance of laying hens and eggs quality. A total of 216 laying hens were divided into 3 feeding groups: standard diet, diet with a 0.0032% addition of a ginger extract, and diet with the addition of ginger (0.0016%) and thyme (0.0016%). Fresh eggs were analyzed for: egg weight, yolk weight and yolk weight ratio to egg weight, yolk color, albumen quality, strength and thickness of the eggshell. Boiled eggs were analyzed for: yolk color, consistency, aroma, and taste. The results demonstrated that hen diet supplementation had a beneficial effect on egg weight, but did not affect egg production rate nor feed conversion ratio. Fresh and hard-boiled eggs of the hens administered diet with a ginger extract addition were characterized by a darker color of the yolk. Both the ginger extract and the ginger + thyme extract contributed to albumen quality improvement. Considering results obtained in this study, it seems advisable to investigate the feasibility of extending storage time of eggs of the hens fed a diet with various doses of a ginger and thyme extract.
13
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Secretory structures and essential oil composition of selected industrial species of Lamiaceae

51%
Kowalski R., Kowalska G., Jankowska M., Nawrocka A., Kalwa K., Pankiewicz U., Wlodarczyk-Stasiak M.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus
|
2019
|
tom 18
|
nr 2
The objective of the study was to perform micromorphological analyses of the secretory structures of leaves and stems of oil-bearing industrial plants from the Lamiaceae family such as lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), marjoram (Origanum majorana L., syn. Origanum dubium Boiss.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. In addition, an estimation of the content of volatile substances in the plant species under study was performed using GC-MS, as well as the qualitative and quantitative analysis of essential oil, that is an important component in terms of the estimation of raw material applicability for use in the industry. In the epidermal cells of studied plants, 2 types of Lamiaceae-type glandular trichomes were identified: short- and long-stalked capitate glandular trichomes with single- and bicellular secretory capitulum, and peltate glandular trichomes with eight- and over a dozen-cell secretory capitulum. Capitate trichomes were densely distributed on the surface of the epidermis, while peltate trichomes were sparse, though regular, and were situated in depressions. Glandular trichomes were found more frequently on leaves than on stems. The cuticle of the abaxial of leaf was characterized in most cases by the occurrence of larger average diameter peltate trichomes compared to the cuticle of the adaxial side of leaf. Peppermint produced the largest structures accumulating essential oil on the leaves (average diameter of peltate trichomes – 78.48 µm on the adaxial side of leaf, up to 96.43 µm), while on the stem, the highest average diameter of the peltate trichomes was observed in sage (an average of 75.53 µm, up to 85.99 µm). The lemon balm was characterized by the presence of capitate and peltate trichomes with the smallest diameter (an average of 44.26 µm). Lemon balm was characterized by the greatest density of glandular trichomes compared to other plant species. Among the plants studied, the highest content of oil was noted in the case of thyme and peppermint (2.22% and 2.20% v/w, respectively), and the lowest in green parts of lemon balm (0.17% v/w). The isolated essential oils contained predominantly components from the groups of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and it is the presence of those substances that determines the possibility of utilizing the plants studied for a variety of purposes.
14

Ocena dzialania wyciagow z wybranych roslin zielarskich na zerowanie i rozwoj stonki ziemniaczanej [Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say]

51%
Wawrzyniak M., Lamparski R.
Progress in Plant Protection
|
2007
|
tom 47
|
nr 4
255-258
15
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Wplyw dolistnego stosowania Atoniku i Ekolistu na plony i jakosc surowca tymianku

51%
Berbec S., Andruszczak S., Lusiak J., Sapko A.
Acta Agrophysica
|
2003
|
tom 85
305-311
16

Wplyw procesu sterylizacji para wodna na calkowita zawartosc zwiazkow lotnych w przyprawach

51%
Wojtowicz E., Zawirska-Wojtasiak R., Przygonski K.
Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna
|
2008
|
tom 41
|
nr 3
308-313
17

Próby podwyższenia stabilności oksydatywnej olejów tłoczonych na zimno przy użyciu wybranych oleożywic przypraw

43%
Wroniak M., Marcinkowska M., Ratusz K.
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
|
2010
|
tom 553
Wykonano próby podwyższenia stabilności oksydatywnej olejów rzepakowego i słonecznikowego tłoczonych na zimno przy użyciu oleożywic z rozmarynu, oregano, tymianku, papryki, czosnku, majeranku i pieprzu. Materiałem badawczym były handlowe oleje tłoczone na zimno słonecznikowy i rzepakowy oraz handlowe preparaty oleożywic. Zastosowano dodatek ekstraktów do oleju w dawkach: 0,1% i 0,2%. W celu oceny jakości olejów zastosowano następujące metody analityczne: spektrofotometrycznie oznaczenie barwy, oznaczenie liczby kwasowej, nadtlenkowej, anizydynowej, obliczenie wskaźnika TOTOX, absorbancja w ultrafiolecie oraz w celu oceny stabilności oksydatywnej przeprowadzono test Rancimat w 120°C. Aktywność przeciwutleniającą wyrażono współczynnikiem ochronnym (WO). Największy efekt przeciwutleniający wykazała oleożywica rozmarynu, która spowodowała wzrost stabilności oksydatywnej oleju rzepakowego o 34-37%, a słonecznikowego o 25-28%. Pozostałe zastosowane ekstrakty przypraw w znacznie mniejszym stopniu poprawiły stabilność oksydatywną badanych olejów tłoczonych na zimno, niektóre z nich działały nawet proutleniająco. Efektywność przeciwutleniająca badanych ekstraktów (w dawce 0,2%) w stosunku do oleju słonecznikowego tłoczonego na zimno, malała w następującej kolejności: rozmaryn > czosnek > oregano > pieprz > papryka > majeranek. Natomiast w przypadku oleju rzepakowego rozmaryn > papryka > czosnek > oregano > tymianek > majeranek > pieprz. Stabilność oksydatywną obniżyły - w oleju słonecznikowym oleożywica tymianku (w obu zastosowanych dawkach), a w oleju rzepakowym oleożywica czosnku, tymianku oraz majeranku (w mniejszej dawce 0,1%).
18

Wpływ stosowania wybranych nawozów dolistnych oraz stymulatorów wzrostu na plon i jakość surowca tymianku właściwego (Thymus vulgaris L.)

43%
Krol B.
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
|
2009
|
tom 542
|
nr 1
Celem doświadczenia polowego było zbadanie wpływu dolistnego stosowania wybranych stymulatorów wzrostu (Asahi SL, Bio-algeen S 90) oraz nawozów dolistnych (Mikrosol U Tytanit) na wielkość i jakość plonu surowca tymianku (Thymus vulgaris L.). Zastosowane stymulatory wzrostu oraz nawóz dolistny przyczyniły się do lepszego wzrostu roślin oraz zwiększyły masę nadziemną tymianku. Aplikacja preparatów dolistnych zwiększyła plony surowca o 2,2-23,5%. Spośród porównywanych preparatów najbardziej efektywne okazało się łączne stosowanie Asahi SL z Mikrosolem U oraz Tytanitu z Mikrosolem U. Zastosowane preparaty dolistne spowodowały nieznaczne obniżenie zawartości olejku w surowcu. Uzyskano wzrost plonu olejku z jednostki powierzchni (największy po zastosowaniu łącznie Asahi SL z Mikrosolem U oraz Tytanitu z Mikrosolem U).
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