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An important element which completes all water management research is the practical implementation of the results and, if possible, further commercialisation, which is the subject of this paper. In practice, research results come in the form of specific copyright assets, protected under industrial property law or copyright law. In response to the need for solutions which would improve the process of commercializing research outcomes in water management is the Water Research to Market (WaterRtoM) project. The project is financed by the LIFE+ programme. The main goal of the project is to speed up the process of implementing research results in practice and to shorten the implementation period to 3-5 years by adding a step between research and the existing mechanisms for transferring technology.
Agricultural commercialization refers to agricultural transformation in which farmers shift from mainly consumption oriented subsistence production towards market and profit oriented production systems. This study examined the effect of agricultural commercialization on food security among smallholder farmers in Polokwane municipality of Capricorn District in South Africa. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A multistage sampling technique was employed to collect data from 56 respondents in the study area. Analytical tools employed descriptive statistics, ordinary least square regression, and logistic regression. The results showed the majority (87.5 percent) of the farmers were market oriented. The study also revealed that the number of hired labourers, farm size, government subsidies, type of mechanization, and monthly expenses had influence on commercialization in the study area. Again, age of respondents, their marital status, level of education, farm size, number of labourers employed, mechanization type, and the level of commercialization were the determinants of food security in the study area. The study therefore, recommended that smallholder farmers in Polokwane municipality should be provided with productive inputs such as land, irrigation facilities and other incentives, market information, credit facilities, and extension services to enhance commercialization. Investment in capacity building through education should also be intensified to enhance commercialization because of its positive influence.
Utilizing the results of the Household budget surveys covering the period of August 1989 — December 1990 and referring to the employees households the effect of the „marketisation" of food economy on the expenditure on food and food consumption was examined. It was shown that „marketisation", which began on August 1 1989 resulted in a dramatic increase in the expenditure on food in the households of employees. The expenditure was growing both in absolute and relative terms leading to an increase in the proportion of food expenditure in total expenditure. Although the of employees households were paying more and more for food they were at the same time forced to decrease its consumption, which resulted in a significant reduction in the energy and nutrient content of the household diet.
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