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Angiogenesis, i.e. formation of new blood vessels out of pre-existing capillaries, is essential to the development of tumour vasculature. The discovery of specific antiangiogenic inhibitors has important therapeutic implications for the development of novel cancer treatments. Vasostatin, the N-terminal domain of calreticulin, is a potent endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumour growth. In our study, using B16(F10) murine melanoma model and electroporation we attempted intramuscular transfer of human vasostatin gene. The gene therapy was combined with antiangiogenic drug dosing schedule of a known chemotherapeutic (cyclophosphamide). The combination of vasostatin gene therapy and cyclophosphamide administration improved therapeutic effects in melanoma tumours. We observed both significant inhibition of tumour growth and extended survival of treated mice. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports showing antitumour efficacy of electroporation-mediated vasostatin gene therapy combined with antiangiogenic chemotherapy.
The activity of β-lactam antibiotics (oxacillin, cloxacillin, cephalotin), vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampicin applied in vitro individually and in combination against 37 nosocomial methicillin-resistant strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) was assessed to demonstrate the heterogeneity of this group of bacteria and estimate the chance of the efficacy of such therapy. The strains belonged to four species: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus hominis. They originated from a hospital environment and from the skin of medical staff of the intensive care unit of a paediatric ward at a university hospital. All strains were methicillin-resistant, according to CLSI standards, but individual strains differed in MICOX values. Susceptibility to other tested antibiotics was also characteristic for the species. The increased susceptibility to antibiotics in combinations, tested by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, concerned 26 out of 37 investigated strains and it was a feature of a particular species. Combinations of vancomycin and cephalotin against S. epidermidis and oxacillin with vancomycin were significant, as well as cephalotin and rifampicin in growth inhibition of multiresistant S. haemolyticus strains.
Apple cubes were dried with a convective method in a stream of air at the velocity of 4 m/s and temperature of 55°C as well as with a combined method consisting in pre-drying the apples with the convective method and finish-drying with the vacuum-microwave method (VM). The time of convective pre-drying reached: 40, 100 and 160 min, and the wattage of microwaves accounted for 240, 480 and 720 W. Drying shrinkage was measured by means of a measuring cylinder filled with linseed, whereas rehydration of the dried material was carried out in distilled water with a temperature of 21°C. Colour assessment was conducted based on results obtained with the use of a reflective colorimeter. The kinetics of apple cubes drying with the convective method was described using exponential functions. The VM finish-drying of the apples previously pre-dried with the convective method considerably shortened the total time of drying and decreased drying shrinkage. Apple cubes dried with the combined method demonstrated better rehydrating properties manifested by absorption capacity, dry mater holding capacity and rehydration ability as compared to the apples dried only with the use of the convective method. Drying resulted in the browning of apple cubes and shift of colour from green to red and a negligible shift of colour from yellow to blue. The colour of samples finished-dried with the VM method was more shifted towards red and blue when compared to the samples dried only under convective conditions.
Five combinations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) dose and five latency periods were evaluated to observe the pattern of deformed larvae among the hatchlings in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). A higher percentage (7%–12%) of deformed larvae were observed at 1000, 2000, and 5000 IU · kg-1 with 14–23 h latency combinations. The results of the study indicated that 3000 IU · kg-1 with 14–23 h and 4000 IU · kg-1 with 14–17 h latency combinations were preferable to reduce the deformed larvae (4%–6%) among the hatchlings during induced spawning of the catfish.
 We investigated the influence of high sucrose diet (HSD) after 3 or 5 weeks of administration on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in plasma of normolipidemic rats and the relationship between serum PON1 activity, triacylglycerides (TGs), HDL and total cholesterol vs. the control group of rats fed normal, control diet (CD). Because the data about the influence of gemfibrozil (GEM) on PON1 activity are controversial, we also investigated its effects (administration in the 4th and 5th week in rats on HSD and CD) on plasma PON1 activity and lipid levels in normolipidemic rats, and in rats with hypertriglyceridemia caused by HSD. Our results obtained in rats on HSD show a significant increase of plasma TGs levels by 47 % (P < 0.05) after 5 weeks of treatment, and PON1 activity by 32 % and 23 % (P < 0.05) after 3 and 5 weeks, but without change in lipid levels vs. rats on CD. In the rats on CD and HSD, GEM caused a significant decrease of PON1 activity by 44 % and 33 %, while a significant decrease of TGs level by 38 % (P < 0.05) was measured only in rats on CD. The effects of GEM on total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in both groups of rats were typical for its action on lipoprotein metabolism. Because GEM in the rat liver stimulates proliferation of peroxisomes, β oxidation, and production of H2O2, it is possible that the oxidative stress induced by GEM damages hepatocytes and lowers the synthesis of PON1.
The effect of feeding common balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and combination of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and common hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha L.) on sensory properties and oxidative stability (2-thiobarbituric method - TBA) of chilled and frozen chicken meat was investigated. The experiment was carried out on 90 one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) divided into three groups and fed for 41 days, as follows: control (C) with basal diet without supplementation, the second group (LB) with basal diet supplemented with ground common balm 20 g.kg-1, and the third group (YH) with basal diet supplemented with ground yarrow 20 g.kg-1 and hawthorn 10 g.kg-1. Supplementation with common balm, and especially with combination of yarrow and hawthorn, caused the significant reduction in lipid oxidation processes in chicken meat during chilling and freezing storage. In experimental groups (LB, YH) stored chilled or frozen significant lower amounts of TBA reactive products were found compared with control group (P<0.05). Thigh meat was more susceptible to lipid oxidation compared with breast meat. In addition, diets supplemented with plants had a positive effect on sensory quality of fresh or frozen (12 month) meat. On the other hand, organoleptic properties of breast muscles were not influenced by supplementation.
Hypertension is the main risk factor for left ventricular hypertrophy and development of diastolic heart failure. There is no yet treatment, which can effectively reduce mortality in patients suffering from heart failure with preserved systolic function. We tested whether the calcium sensitizer levosimendan and the AT1-receptor antagonist valsartan could protect from salt-induced hypertension, cardiovascular mortality and heart failure in Dahl/Rapp salt-sensitive rats fed for 7 weeks with a high salt diet (8% NaCl). Levosimendan (1 mg/kg/day via drinking water) and valsartan (30 mg/kg in the food) monotherapies and their combination prevented mortality in Dahl/Rapp rats. The drug combination evoked an additive effect on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, target organ damage and myocardial ANP mRNA expression. There was a close correlation between systolic blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac and renal damage. As compared to Dahl/Rapp controls kept on low-salt diet (NaCl 0.3%). The high salt rats exhibited impaired diastolic relaxation as assessed by isovolumic relaxation time. Levosimendan alone and in combination with valsartan, improved diastolic relaxation without significantly improving systolic function. Our findings are evidence for an additive effect between levosimendan and valsartan on blood pressure and a blood pressure- dependent protection against the development of salt-induced target organ damage. The present study also demonstrates that levosimendan, alone or in combination with valsartan, can correct diastolic dysfunction induced by salt-dependent hypertension.
In the years 2007–2009, trials on control of codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), were carried out in apple orchards of South-East Bulgaria, where the pressure of the pest was very high. Mating disruption with Isomate C plus dispensers was applied in combination with sprays of the virus product Madex®. With a single installation of Isomate C plus dispensers per season + 4 treatments of Madex® at 100 ml per ha against the first and 6 treatments against the second generation, fruit damage at harvest and population density of codling moth were kept at a low level. At the same time fruit damage and population density of the pest, as estimated by the hibernating CM larvae population, was very high in the conventionally treated orchard serving as a reference. Using Isomate C plus dispensers and the baculovirus product Madex® may be a promising alternative to traditional programmes trying to control high initial infestation of codling moth. For Bulgaria, the combined tested strategies of mating disruption and virus control are suggested for control of codling moth in the orchards with CM population density of more than 3 larvae per tree or more than 5% fruit damage in the previous year.
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