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We encountered the co-existence of an aberrant origin of the right subclavian artery and a myocardial bridge on the left anterior descending coronary artery in the cadaver of an 80-year-old Japanese woman during the course of educational dissection at Nagoya City University Medical School. We document the precise gross anatomical findings with some morphometric measurements. Neither an aberrant origin of the right subclavian artery nor the cardial myocardial bridge is a very rare anomaly, but a case of both anomalies being found in the same body is very rare. We believe this is the first report of the simultaneous occurrence of these two anomalies.
The investigation of mechanism of species coexistence promotes understanding of the mechanistic processes behind community ecology and ecosystem functions. Niche theory declares that species coexistence within a community must partition the resources of their environment. Two sympatric and morphologically similar bat species, Rhinolophus affinis and Rhinolophus pearsoni, provided a unique opportunity to test the causal mechanism of coexistence. Previous study showed that their coexistence was promoted not by the trophic and spatial niche differentiation but the relatively high abundance of prey resources, which was not in accord with the prediction of niche theory. Here, therefore, we reanalyzed the dietary composition by fecal analysis and surveyed the feeding time of both species. Our results showed that R. affinis and R. pearsoni hunt mainly mostly on Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, and there was a very high overlap (0.84) of trophic niche between the two species. However, significant difference in the duration of the activity period between both species was detected, which illustrated that temporal partitioning of prey resource use facilitated their coexistence. Additionally, our work highlighted the importance of integration of the traditional methods and next-generation sequencing methods for identifying dietary composition of carnivores, and suggested that ongoing studies of species coexistence must consider simultaneously multiple niche axes.
The mechanism that enables the coexistence of apparently very similar species is fundamental in understanding the diversity of natural communities. The ranges of reactions of the three Daphnia clones in the presence of toxic compounds and fish kairomones were studied in laboratory. The ranges were based on differences in body length, spine length and fecundity (number of eggs in a brood chamber) during first three reproductions. The ranges of reactions of the three clones differed dramatically. The range of D. galeata and D. hyalina hardly overlapped, while that of a D. galeata × hyalina hybrid clone was significantly broader than the ranges of either parental species. The observed diversity of ranges of reactions probably enables the coexistence of closely related species in the variable environment of natural lakes.
In the 21st century there are two extreme trends which influence agricultural raw material production: organic farming and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Considering the development of production, these two technologies are widely different. It is not our aim in our present article to commit ourselves to one or the other technology but we would rather like to present the effect of the two farming methods to one another.
The main aim of the study was to compare the radial growth of Persian walnut and Schrenk spruce trees growing under the same ecological conditions in the Sary-Chelek range of the Tien-Shan Mountains, as well as to analyse the response of these species to the selected climate factors in line with the altitude gradient. Four study plots were established at the altitude of 1350, 1400, 1450 and 1500 m a.s.l. Results indicated that (1) walnut and spruce in the Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve have different patterns of radial increment and reaction to climate factors, despite growing in the same habitat, (2) spruce radial growth responded to low precipitation and low temperature during the April to September period of the previous year; (3) walnut radial increment patterns varied significantly with changes in altitude, whereas spruce patterns did not; and (4) walnut radial increment patterns responded positively to high temperature during contemporary growing season and to precipitation during the prior growing season. In addition, it was noted that precipitation during the contemporary growing season could negatively influence growth.
The 53-year-old woman was initially diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, despite the fact that she did not really meet the clinical criteria. Her only symptoms were clumsiness and weakness of the right extremities. Being a veterinary research worker she had been exposed to infectious material. In 1995, she was diagnosed with ELISA as having toxoplasmosis and treated as such. In 2002, after the infectious, flu-like disease, she revealed arthritis and drowsiness, also with memory and language impairment. The patient continued to have symptoms consistent with previously examined clumsiness. She was diagnosed with Lyme via ELISA and PCR, and treated. She made a full recovery from acute symptoms. After a few months, neurological and neuropsychological examinations were performed. On the background of mild cognitive decline apraxia and difficulties of attention were noted as the main problems. A apraxia of the right hand complicated the patient's life and depreciated her quality of life. The patient underwent MRI examination. FSE, FAST and FLAIR sequences were made. The MRI demonstrated the appearance of several small hyperintense lesions in the white matter of the left and right frontal and left parietal lobe. These lesions were typical of the post-inflammatory leucoencephalopathy. Additionally, a ring-shaped, low-intensity lesion in the posterior part of the left parietal lobe was noticed. The lesion was 8 mm in diameter and described to be an old toxoplasmosis lesion. The patient had been treated and the symptoms consistent with Lyme disease resolved. Patient continues to have symptoms consistent with focal destruction of the parietal lobe. Over the past six months, she has not progressed and relapsed in a manner that is consistent with MS.
Previous immunocytochemical studies provided conflicting data concerning occurrence of the CGRP-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies in the porcine spinal cord. In the present study, we have investigated expression of the CGRP and its possible coexpression with ChAT in the gray matter of the thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord of the pig. Our study revealed a large number of CGRP-immunoreactive cells in the motor nucleus of the ventral horn, and less and singe perikarya intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, respectively. Double staining immunocytochemistry, depending on the cross-section level, disclosed the highest ChAT/CGRP colocalization subsequently in the motor nucleus of the ventral horn, then in the intermediolateral and intermediomedial nucleus. Our data provide morphological evidence confirming expression of CGRP in the porcine spinal nuclei while its coexpression in cholinergic neurons suggests that CGRP may play a role in modulation of the spinal cholinergic transmission.
Formica cinerea Mayr is supposed to be the top dominant of ant communities in successional sandy habitats, whereas wood ant species, e.g. F. rufa L., play this role in forests. These species often co-occur in overlapping habitats. The aim of the study was to recognize competitive interrelations between them in the broad ecological aspect of relations with local subordinate species, including F. fusca L., Tetramorium caespitum (L.) and Myrmica schencki Viereck. Study area was a sand dune slope surrounded by pine forest at Tvärminne, S Finland, where F. cinerea nest complexes were encircled by F. rufa colonies. Baiting experiments, preceded by ‘nudum’ observations were carried out. The presumption that F. rufa would influence the activity of F. cinerea was not supported by the results. No-ant zones separated the territories of these two species almost through the total length of the boundary of the F. cinerea range. The outcome of interspecific interactions within the multi-species community studied corresponded with the species competitive status generally. The results are discussed in the context of interspecific competition hierarchy in ants and succession of ant communities.
According to the theory of forest growth cycle, forest communities are dynamic mosaic systems composed of patches in different development stages. On basis of measurement of the four patch types [gap phase (G), building phase (B), mature phase (M) and degenerate phase (D)], the distribution pattern of different patch types and heterogeneity of the light and temperature along an altitudinal gradient were analyzed. The study forests were located in Larix chinensis forests in the Taibai Natural Reserve, and the whole forest was divided into three transects, i.e. low altitude (2900–3000 m a.s.l.), middle altitude (3100–3200 m a.s.l.) and high altitude (3300–3400 m a.s.l.). The implications of environmental heterogeneity on species coexistence and maintenance of species diversity were discussed in this paper. Our results were as follows: (1) In different elevation gradient, the proportions of the four patch types were different. Compared with low elevation and high elevation, in middle elevation, the proportions of gap phase and building phase were obviously lower; while the proportions of mature phase and degenerate phase were noticeably higher. In different elevation gradient, the distribution pattern of the four patch types was changed to some extent. (2) The daily change patterns of light and temperature in different patch types in forest cycle were different. The light intensity was much greater in gap phase than in the other three phases. The light intensity and its amplitude of changes in different patch types followed the order of G>D>B≥M. Air temperature in different patch types followed the order of G>B>D≥M. The amplitude of diurnal temperature changes in air and soil surface followed the order of G>D>B>M. (3) With elevation increasing, light intensity, the biggest air temperature, biggest soil temperature and temperature difference in four patch phase increased significantly, and average air temperature and average soil temperature significantly decreased. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of ecological factors in different patch types in forest cycle provided a basis to maintain the coexistence of different species with different characteristics within forest community.
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