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The aim of the article is to identify clusters whilst at the same time determine which are inactive (i.e. in practice, not engaged in any real activities but which are treated equally as active clusters in various sources) using Polish furniture industry as an example. The analysis which has been carried out here from the perspective of the industrial network approach takes into account the structure and characteristics of the activities which clusters undertake and facilitate the identification of truly active clusters within the industry. In addition clusters are classified as formalised and informal in terms of their real activities, resources and entities. This study stresses the reasons for creating such a network structure in view of the nature of the actions during the startup of the cluster initiative (bottom-up approach, top-down approach).
On a world scale, a huge concentration could be observed in viticulture and wine production during the last few decades. According to Kym Anderson [2003] the development of global wine market may be put at the 1990s. In the traditional European wine producing countries collaborations and integrations, as conditions for the safe operation of the sector, had been formed some decades before. Cooperation is necessary, because in many cases, only it can solve or mitigate the issues from global challenges. In our times assertion of interests and minimizing costs are becoming increasingly important, in which different forms of cooperation can provide great help. This study is intended to show what kind of collaborations can be noticed in the wine production of Hungary, and which form of cooperation could be the best one to manage the current professional issues. It examines how to adapt the basic principles of integrations that have achieved success abroad. The topicality of this matter is strengthened by the fact that Zsolt Feldman [2016] ranks the elaboration of inter-trade agreements, which can be the first step of cooperation by all means, amongst the most important tasks of the sector based on the FM-HNT partnership.
Despite of the economy globalization and sophisticated global communications technologies, currently, more attention is paid to development of clusters and to marketing communication of clusters. The aim of this paper is the analysis of marketing communication tools in business clusters of services in Slovakia. This is known as the marketing communications mix. This is charting of the tools of marketing communication forming the basis of a marketing communications campaign in the cluster of services.
The clusters from size-fractions of hydrolysed amylopectin from amylose-free potato starch (APP) were isolated by controlled α-amylolysis. The external chains were removed by further phosphorolysis and ß-amylolysis, thereby transforming the APP and the clusters into ɸ,ß-limit dextrins. The DP of the ɸ, ß-LD of the clusters was rather uniform around 40-50. The unit chain composition was analysed by HPAEC-PAD and it was shown that the long internal B-chains, that interconnected the clusters in the amylopectin, had preferentially been cut into B-chains with DP 8-23. Smaller clusters possessed also increased amounts of the shortest B-chain with DP 3. The A:B-chain ratio decreased after α-amylolysis, showing that A-chains were not formed. The clusters were built up of only 4-6 chains and the density of branches was 11-13%. Very small, branched building blocks were also isolated from the APP and the clusters by an extensive α-amylolysis and analysed by GPC and HPAEC. The building blocks ranged between DP 5-30 and contained 2-5 very short chains (approx. CL 2-7). The predominating branched building blocks had DP 7-8 and were singly branched. The density of branches within building blocks was high (25%) and the clusters were at average composed of 2 or 3 building blocks.
There grounded the frequency range choice in the system of the operation reliability of the technical systems based on the application of probabilistic – statistical method.
This study attempts to determine the subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes in horses with a panel of already described clusters of differentiation on equine leukocytes. Blood specimens from 21 healthy horses were examined by lymphocyte immunophenotyping with fluorochrome labelled monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. In the population of horses investigated, the percentage of EqCD2+ T lymphocytes was 81.0 ± 10.44, which accounted for 2.20 ± 0.87 x 109 cells/1 peripheral blood, and B-lymphocytes were 15.90 ± 6.49, and 0.42 ± 0.22 x 1071 respectively. The T helper/inducer cells (EqCD4+) were 58.57 ± 13.0% (1.63 ± 0.79 x 1071) and T suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (EqCD8+) were 14.85 ± 3.86% (0.41 ± 0.18 x 109/1). '
The assessment of phenotypic plasticity expressed as the response to abiotic and biotic site factors is important for successful conservation of endangered and threathened species. In Poland one of the strictly protected plant requiring an active conservation is globeflower Trollius europaeus L. It is the perennial forb, consisted of numerous dark green, deeply cut basal leaves and generative shoots with flowers composed of several multi-ovulate carpels. The investigations of morphological traits of Trollius europaeus i.e. number and height of generative shoots and basal leaves as well as the production of flowers, multi-follicles and follicles at stem- and cluster levels, were carried out between 2005 and 2008 on two patches of Molinietum caeruleae localized in Kraków vicinity (Southern Poland) and having different height of litter and herb layer. The study plot labelled NS- “not shaded” (2 000 m²) was prevailed by perennials with delicate procumbent or erect stems, small-tussock grass or short rosetteforb species. The height of the tallest plant has not exceeded 98 cm, while the litter layer measured from 10 cm to 28 cm. The study plot named SH- “shaded” (6 000 m²) was characterised by presence of tall perennials as well as grass and sedges forming large compact tussocks. The tallest plants attained 186 cm, whereas the layer of litter reached from 18 cm to 42 cm. In NS plot -32 clusters were observed, whereas in SH plot 39 clusters occurred. In both populations, clusters were situated in close vicinity, forming large aggregations. The number of aboveground units per cluster in both populations were similar. The longer petioles (higher petiole average length), caused by maximization of light capture were noted in SH, than in NS plot. In SH plot higher sexual shoots were also noted as well as greater number of flowers per shoot. Such phenomenon presumably makes the plant more attractive for pollinators and thus pollen receipt and donation. The similar number of flowers and multi-follicles per cluster were observed in both populations, while the greater number of follicles was observed in NS, than in SH plot. Due to morphological plasticity established clusters of T. europaeus might presumably endure among the vegetation cover or adapt to new environmental conditions. It might be considered that making the gaps in vegetation cover and litter can be an effective way for active protection of Trollius europaeus populations.
The response of berry organic acids of four organically grown table grape cultivars to cane-girdling and cluster-berry thinning treatments were evaluated over two growing seasons. In addition pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids content and maturity index were also determined. Statistical analyses showed that individual organic acid content of the four grape cultivars were significantly affected by the treatments. Tartaric and malic acids of ‘Red Globe’ were mostly influenced by the cluster-berry thinning treatment. ‘Alphonse Lavalleé’ accumulated the highest tartaric acid and malic acid in both the girdled/thinned and the cluster-berry thinned vines, respectively. The control and girdled ‘Trakya Ilkeren’ vines had the most tartaric acid. Control vines also contained high malic acid amount. ‘Buca Razakısı’, on the other hand, had the most prominent tartaric and malic acid levels in the girdled/thinned and thinned vines, respectively. Quality parameters also showed significant differences among the cultivars in response to the treatments.
Celem pracy było przedstawienie sposobów przezwyciężania rozproszenia w sektorze rolniczym, a także rozpoznanie skłonności zarządzających gospodarstwami rolnymi do wprowadzania zmian poprawiających ich konkurencyjność. Szansę wzrostu konkurencyjności gospodarstw rolnych stwarza integracja pozioma i pionowa podmiotów w danym sektorze, jak i z podmiotami z pozostałych ogniw agrobiznesu. Zmniejszenie liczby gospodarstw, wzrost ich powierzchni, a także poprawa ukształtowania rozłogu gospodarstw to kolejne czynniki wpływające na wykorzystanie tzw. pozytywnych efektów skali i przyczyniające się do zwiększenia siły ekonomicznej gospodarstw rolnych. Wskazano również, że konkurencyjność gospodarstw rolnych można zwiększyć poprzez strategiczne usytuowanie w strukturze sektora, czyli ukierunkowanie działań zwiększających poziom generowanego dochodu. Może to być strategia przywództwa kosztowego, różnicowania działalności rolniczej i specjalizacji produkcji.
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