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Extensive disintegration of spruce forests in the Beskidy Mts. in South Poland generates a need to regenerate sizeable areas as well as to rebuild forest stands which have defended themselves against breakdown. In practice, the magnitude of relevant management tasks does not allow for keeping up with the progressive destruction of forest, especially at higher altitudes, where natural regeneration does not occur as much as necessary. In addition, the species composition is limited to spruce, sometimes accompanied by beech and fir, whereas other species have a negligible share. What may be helpful in solving this problem is the method of regeneration of such areas and of establishment of under-canopy cultures, consisting of patchwork, multi-stage regeneration task performance, starting from the areas with the best chance of reforestation success and using the existing self-sown trees. Such areas undoubtedly include habitats with better water balance, i.e. humid habitats (in the case of larger areas, distinguished in the forest management plan as humid forest site types). The aim of the present study was to propose management of watercourses and headwater areas in the region of the Skrzyczne massif where the selected catchments are situated on the southern (the Malinowski Stream) and the northern (the Roztoka Czyrna stream) slopes of this massif. The research was carried out in August 2012 and included juxtaposition of available hydrological maps with actual field conditions along with identification of springs and streams and the course of their beds in order to update the existing data. The updating of the forest numerical maps in the existing databases of the State Forests IT System (SILP) included verification of the course of streams and determination of their nature (penament or periodic) with a division into the existing ones and the added ones. The data was recorded against the background of the division of the forest surface, contour lines, major roads, climate and plant floors and forest habitat types. The total length of streams was ascertained. The catchment areas and areas along their beds were determined by adopting variable distances from the beds, depending on climate and plant zones and the slope gradient. The adopted distances were: 5 m in the upper forest zone, 10 m in the middle forest zone, 20 m in the lower forest zone on both sides of the bed and in the headwater area within the radius of 10 m from a source. Specific sylvicultural procedures in headwater areas and in the neighbourhood of watercourses were described in each climatic and vegetation zones.
Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.) is one of the most frequent exotic species in Polish woodlands. The basic object of research comprised 60 stands of the studied species, located mainly in the northern and western parts of Poland. The growth results for the studied species, evaluated on the basis of the average height (hg55), were compared with data describing the local climate and the stand location within the botanical and climatic zoning. The results confirm the opinion that the Japanese larch prefers a climate of maritime character and generally shows high degree of flexibility regarding its climatic requirements (very large differences between the growth conditions in the studied area and the country of origin). The dependence between the growth results and precipitation is however lower than expected. The most interesting results include the relatively clear connection between the height of the larch stands and the Degórski’s (1984) ‘floristic’ ‘K’ (continentality) index.
Patterns were examined in published karyological data for 1451 moss species (approximately 16% of the total number of species) from all regions of the world. Assuming that x = 7 is the original basic chromosome number in mosses, all gametophytic numbers n > 9 were supposed to mark polyploids. It was found that 84% of the species had undergone polyploidy in their history. It is assumed that most polyploids in mosses are autopolyploids. Among the polyploids, 28% are high polyploids (species with n > 15). In pleurocarpous mosses, 16% are high polyploids, whereas in acrocarpous mosses 27% are high polyploids. There is no difference in frequencies of high polyploids between the two subgroups of acrocarpous mosses: Haplolepideae-acrocarpae (26%) and Diplolepideae- acrocarpae (27%). A clear correlation was found between the frequency of high polyploids (n > 15) and latitude. The frequency of high polyploids increases from the equator towards the North and South Poles. The percentage of high polyploids jumps dramatically from tropical and subtropical zones (- 13%) to temperate and cold climatic zones (over 30%).
Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu oszacowanie przydatności 20 genotypów pochodzących z różnych stref klimatycznych dla wznowionej hodowli żyta jarego. Określono również współzależności pomiędzy cechami bonitacyjnymi, technologicznymi i ilościowymi. Synteza wyników obejmuje lata 1995–1997. Wśród zgromadzonych obiektów w kolekcji znajdują się interesujące materiały, o szerokim spektrum zmienności analizowanych cech, do badań genetycznych i dalszej hodowli. Spośród 20 badanych populacji kilka wykazywało całkowitą odporność na mączniaka prawdziwego. Na wyróżnienie zasługuje ród SMH–01, którego cechowała wysoka zawartość białka ogólnego (15,4%) i lizyny w ziarnie (5,02 mg/g ziarna), skrócone źdźbło do 131 cm, wysoka wartość masy 1000 ziaren (zaliczanego do ziarna grubego, co jest rzadko spotykane u form jarych). Do poważnych wad badanych rodów i odmian żyta należała długość słomy powyżej 150 cm i duża podatność na wyleganie. Najwięcej korzystnych cech łączyła w sobie odmiana Petka, która charakteryzowała się dobrymi wschodami, odpornością na mączniaka i dobrym plonowaniem.
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